tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37562866349555257532011-07-31T12:18:35.306+02:00Native English Teacher in Badalona, Barcelona, SpainSeñorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.comBlogger421100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-13046246624681471022009-06-12T12:45:00.000+02:002009-06-22T09:51:16.820+02:00Due to various reasons, I've changed the blog. You can now visit me here: <A href="https://profesoraingles.wordpress.com">ProfesoraIngles.wordpress.com</A><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-1304624662468147102?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-91937578396752821802009-06-07T15:03:00.000+02:002009-06-07T15:03:01.666+02:00absurd |əbˈsərd; -ˈzərd|<br />adjective<br />(of an idea or suggestion) wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate : it would be absurd to blame contemporary Germans for Nazi crimes | so you think I'm a spy? How absurd! | [as n. ] ( the absurd) he had a keen eye for the incongruous and the absurd.<br />• (of a person or a person's behavior or actions) foolish; unreasonable : she was being absurd—and imagining things.<br />• (of an object or situation) arousing amusement or derision; ridiculous : gym shorts and knee socks looked absurd on such a tall girl.<br />DERIVATIVES<br />absurdly adverb<br />ORIGIN mid 16th cent.: from Latin absurdus ‘out of tune,’ hence ‘irrational’ ; related to surdus ‘deaf, dull.’<br />THE RIGHT WORD<br />We call something absurd when it is utterly inconsistent with what common sense or experience tells us (: she found herself in the absurd position of having to defend the intelligence of a cockroach).<br />Ludicrous applies to whatever is so incongruous that it provokes laughter or scorn (: a ludicrous suggestion that he might escape unnoticed if he dressed up as a woman), and ridiculous implies that ridicule or mockery is the only appropriate response ( | she tried to look younger, but succeeded only in making herself look ridiculous).<br />Foolish behavior shows a lack of intelligence or good judgment (: it was foolish to keep that much money under a mattress), while unreasonable behavior implies that the person has intentionally acted contrary to good sense ( | his response was totally unreasonable in view of the fact that he'd asked for their honest opinion).<br />Preposterous should be reserved for those acts or situations that are glaringly absurd or ludicrous. For example, it might be unreasonable to judge an entire nation on the basis of one tourist's experience and foolish to turn down an opportunity to visit that country on those grounds alone, but it would be preposterous to suggest that everyone who comes to the U.S. will be robbed at gunpoint.<br /><br />Thesaurus <br />absurd<br />adjective<br />what an absurd idea! preposterous, ridiculous, ludicrous, farcical, laughable, risible, idiotic, stupid, foolish, silly, inane, imbecilic, insane, harebrained, cockamamie; unreasonable, irrational, illogical, nonsensical, incongruous, pointless, senseless; informal crazy, daft. antonym reasonable, sensible.<br />THE RIGHT WORD<br />We call something absurd when it is utterly inconsistent with what common sense or experience tells us (: she found herself in the absurd position of having to defend the intelligence of a cockroach). Ludicrous applies to whatever is so incongruous that it provokes laughter or scorn ( | a ludicrous suggestion that he might escape unnoticed if he dressed up as a woman), and ridiculous implies that ridicule or mockery is the only appropriate response ( | she tried to look younger, but succeeded only in making herself look ridiculous). Foolish behavior shows a lack of intelligence or good judgment ( | it was foolish to keep that much money under a mattress), while unreasonable behavior implies that the person has intentionally acted contrary to good sense ( | his response was totally unreasonable in view of the fact that he'd asked for their honest opinion). Preposterous should be reserved for those acts or situations that are glaringly absurd or ludicrous. For example, it might be unreasonable to judge an entire nation on the basis of one tourist's experience and foolish to turn down an opportunity to visit that country on those grounds alone, but it would be preposterous to suggest that everyone who comes to the United States will be robbed at gunpoint.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-9193757839675282180?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-45789768688379348092009-05-16T16:01:00.008+02:002009-05-19T15:14:06.519+02:00These words and more are available for you to self study in the book:<br /><a href="http://www.flipkart.com/business-vocabulary-use-advanced-bill/0521540704-fzw3f9m3a7">Business Vocabulary in Use</a> by Bill Mascull, printed by Cambridge University Press. Click on the link to buy it online. Or just browse through these words and learn them by yourself...<br /><br />accept<br />accessible<br />account<br />accountancy<br />accountant<br />accounting rules<br />accounting standards<br />accounts<br />accurate record<br />acquire<br />acquisition<br />action points<br />address book<br />administration<br />administrative staff<br />administrator<br />advance<br />adversarial<br />advertise<br />advertiser<br />advertising agency<br />advertising campaign<br />advertising medium<br />aerospace<br />affirmative action<br />agenda<br />agree<br />ahead of schedule<br />ailing<br />alliance<br />allocated<br />amortization<br />amortize<br />anecdote<br />angry<br />annual general meeting (AGM)<br />annual meeting<br />annual report<br />applicant<br />application form<br />applied for<br />appoint<br />appointments<br />approachable<br />arbitration<br />arbitrator<br />argument<br />arrangements<br />assembly line<br />asset<br />atmosphere<br />attach<br />attachment<br />audience<br />audit<br />auditors<br />authoritarian<br />automated<br />axe (to get the)<br />back down<br />background<br />backhander<br />bad debts<br />bad working environment<br />bailout<br />balance of payments<br />balance sheet<br />bank statement<br />banking charges<br />bargain<br />bargainer<br />bargaining<br />bargaining position<br />bargaining power<br />basic<br />basic salary<br />be on sale<br />bear market<br />bearish<br />behind schedule<br />benchmarking<br />benefits<br />benefits package<br />best practice<br />beta version<br />big business<br />billboards<br />billing<br />bitter pill<br />blackboard<br />bleeding red ink<br />blue chips<br />bluff<br />board<br />board meeting<br />boardroom<br />bonds<br />bonus<br />bonus payments<br />book value<br />bookkeepers<br />boom<br />boring<br />born leaders<br />borrower<br />borrowing<br />bottom line<br />bottom out<br />bottom-end<br />bourse<br />branch<br />brand<br />branded<br />branding<br />break even<br />breakthroughs<br />bribe<br />bribery<br />bricks-and-mortar<br />briefing<br />bring to a close<br />broke down<br />brokers<br />budget<br />bugs<br />building societies<br />building society<br />bull market<br />bullet point<br />bullish<br />bully<br />bureaucratic<br />burned out<br />burnout<br />business<br />business process re-engineering (BPR)<br />business-to-business (B2B)<br />business-to-consumer (B2C)<br />business-to-government (B2G)<br />busy tone<br />buyer<br />buying managers<br />CADCAM<br />calendar<br />call<br />call centres<br />call someone's bluff<br />call back<br />candidate<br />canteen culture<br />capacity<br />capital<br />captains of industry<br />cariautomobiles<br />cards<br />career ladder<br />career paths<br />cash<br />cash cows<br />cash mountain<br />cash pile<br />cash reserves<br />cashflow<br />casual Fridays<br />casually<br />catalog<br />catalogue<br />catering<br />carbon copy (CC)<br />cease trading<br />cellphone<br />cellular<br />cellular phone<br />chain store<br />chairperson<br />challenging<br />change hands<br />charge<br />charisma<br />charities<br />cheap<br />cheque<br />cheque account<br />chief executive officer (CEO)<br />chief financial officer (CFO)<br />chief operating officer<br />Chinese walls<br />churn out<br />circulate<br />classified advertisements<br />clicks-and-mortar<br />client base<br />clientele<br />clients<br />climb down<br />clinching a deal<br />clock in<br />clock off<br />clock on<br />clock out<br />closing a deal<br />code of conduct<br />code of ethics<br />cold calls<br />collapse<br />collateral<br />combine<br />come to a consensus<br />commercial<br />commercial airline<br />commercial artist<br />commercial disaster<br />commercial land<br />commercial paper<br />commercial television<br />commission<br />commodities<br />commodities exchange<br />common ground<br />commute<br />commuters<br />company<br />company car<br />company hierarchy<br />company pension scheme<br />compensation<br />compensation package<br />compensation payment<br />compete<br />competition<br />competitions<br />competitors<br />completion<br />components<br />compromise<br />computer hardware<br />computer screen<br />computer software<br />computer-literate<br />conceded<br />concern<br />concession<br />conformity to specifications<br />confrontational<br />conglomerate<br />consensus<br />construction<br />consultation<br />consumer durables<br />consumer goods<br />consumer panels<br />consumers<br />content<br />continuous improvement<br />contract<br />contributions<br />convenience store<br />cooling-off period<br />copyright<br />cordless<br />cordless phone<br />core activity<br />corporate<br />corporate culture<br />corporate headquarters<br />corporate hospitality<br />corporate image<br />corporate ladder<br />corporate logo<br />corporate profits<br />corporation<br />corrupt<br />corruption<br />cost <br />cost of goods sold (COGS)<br />cost per unit <br />cost-effective <br />costing <br />costings <br />costs <br />counter-offers<br />counter-proposals <br />counterfeit notes <br />counterfeiting <br />courteous <br />cover <br />cover ground <br />covering letter<br />cover letter<br />craft industry <br />crash <br />creative accounting <br />credit card <br />credit policy <br />creditors <br />cross-promotion <br />culture <br />currencies <br />current account <br />current assets <br />current liabilities <br />curriculum vitae (CV)/resume<br />customer base <br />customer needs <br />customers <br />cut <br />cut off <br />cutting edge<br />day shift <br />deadlock <br />deal <br />deal with <br />dealer <br />dealers <br />debentures <br />debit card <br />debt <br />debt burden<br />debt crisis <br />debt default <br />debt repayment <br />debt rescheduling <br />debt restructuring <br />debt servicing <br />debtors <br />decentralized <br />decision-making <br />declines <br />deference<br />delay <br />delayered <br />delegate <br />delegation <br />delete <br />demand <br />demanding <br />demands <br />demerge <br />demerger <br />demonstration<br />demoted <br />demutualization<br />demutualized<br />department meeting<br />department store <br />departmental meeting<br />deposit account <br />depreciate <br />depreciation <br />depression <br />derivatives<br />design<br />design defect <br />design fault <br />designer<br />develop <br />developer <br />dial <br />dialling tone <br />diary <br />difference of opinion <br />dignity at work policy <br />digress <br />digressions <br />dimensions <br />direct costs <br />direct line <br />direct mail <br />direct marketing <br />disagree <br />disagreement <br />discount<br />discounter <br />discounting<br />discriminate against<br />discuss <br />discussion <br />dismiss <br />dispatch <br />dispose of <br />dispute <br />distance <br />distant <br />distractions <br />distributed <br />distribution chain<br />distribution channel<br />distributors <br />dive <br />diversify <br />divestment <br />dividends <br />dominate a market <br />donate <br />donation <br />downmarket <br />downshifter <br />downshifting <br />downsized <br />downtime <br />dress-down fridays <br />drive <br />drive a hard bargain <br />drive out of a market <br />drugstore <br />dynamism <br />e-procurement<br />e-tailing<br />earn<br />earnings <br />ease<br />economic<br />economic indicators <br />economical <br />economies of scale <br />economy 11'k~namii 38<br />education 1,edgu'keiJanl 4<br />effective 11~fekt1vl 14<br />efficiency Ir'f~Jansii 7<br />efficiently Ir'fiJantlil 17<br />electronic commercele-<br />commerce /,elek, t r~n~k<br />'k~ms:s/,i: 'k~ms:s/ 11, 26<br />electronic mail/e-mail/email<br />I,elek,tr~n~k'me~li'i: me~li<br />26,53<br />embezzle l~m'bezli 40<br />embezzlement l1m'bezlmantl40<br />emerging industries /1,m3:dg1q<br />'~ndastrizl 13<br />employ Irm'pl31l 3<br />employees irm'pl3ri:zi 6<br />employment agencies<br />/rm1p13rmant ,erdgansiz/ 3<br />empower Irm'pauai 44<br />empowerment l~m'pauamanti<br />44<br />end-users 1,end1ju:zazJ 19<br />endorsements i1n~d3:smantsI<br />25<br />energy l'enadgii 44<br />engaged tone i~n'gerdgd taunl<br />49<br />enhancements 11n'ha:nsmant sl<br />18<br />enterprise I'entaprarzl 11, 11<br />enterprise culture 1,entaprarz<br />'kaltJa1 11<br />enterprise economy 1,entaprarz<br />~'k~namil 11<br />enterprise zone i'entaprarz<br />zaunl 11<br />entertaining i,enta'tern~qI 47<br />entrepreneur i,~ntrapra'ns:l 10<br />entrepreneurial<br />1,~ntrapra'ns:riaV 10<br />entry-level i'entri levaV 23<br />environmental<br />i~n,va~aran'mentaV 41<br />environmentally damaging<br />I~n,vararan,mentali<br />'dzm~dgrql 41<br />equal opportunities 1,i:kwal<br />,~pa'tju:natid 8<br />equipment 11'kw1pmantl 59<br />equity l'ekw~tii 32<br />establish l~'stzbl~Jl 10<br />establishment 11'stzblrJmanti<br />10<br />ethical l'e01kaV 41<br />ethical investment 1,eerkal<br />~n'vestmantl 41<br />etiquette I'etrketl 63<br />exceptional profit iik,sepJanal<br />' pr~f~tl 31<br />exciting I~k'sa~t~ql 2<br />executive/exec<br />l~g'zekjat~vl~g'zeki 9<br />expenditure i~k'spend~tJal 28<br />expenses l~k'spens~zl 27<br />expensive lrk'spensrvl 23<br />experience Irk'sp~ariansl 3<br />experience curve l~k'sp~arians<br />k3:vI 28<br />exploit 1ek1spl3rt I 41<br />exports I'eksp3:tsl 38<br />extension 11k'stentJanI 48, 49<br />extraordinary general<br />meeting(EGM) 11k~str3:danari<br />,dgenarallmi:t~g/ 54<br />eye contact l'a~,k~ntaektl 47,<br />60<br />face the audience /,fe~s di:<br />'3:diansI 60<br />facilities lfa's~latizi 59<br />fact Ifaektl 60<br />factory l'faektaril 16<br />fakes lferksl 40<br />faking I'fe~k~gl 40<br />fallback position I1f3:lbaek<br />pa,zrPd 63<br />familiar Ifa'm~lial 45<br />family name I'faemali nerml 46<br />fascinating I'faes~nert~gl 2<br />fast-moving consumer goods<br />1,fa:st mu:vrg kan,sju:ma<br />'gudz 1 (FMCG)22<br />fat cats I'faet kaetsl 5<br />fax lfaeksl52<br />features 1'fi:tJazl 2 1<br />fierce If~asl 20<br />file for bankruptcy /,fa11 fa<br />'baegkr~ptsii 33<br />final offers 1,farnal '~fazl 65<br />finance l'fa~naensl 38<br />financed l'fa~naenstl 17<br />financial 1fa1'nienJaV 13, 36, 38<br />financial centres 1fa1,naentJal<br />'sentazl 36<br />financial institutions lfa1,naenJal<br />,~ntst~'tju:Janzi 36<br />financial services /far ,naenJal<br />'S~:VISIZ/ 13<br />financial year 1fa1,naenJal 'j~al<br />30<br />finish on time 1,frnrJ Dn 'tarmi<br />55<br />finished goods l,'f~n~Jt 'gudz I<br />17,22<br />fire Ifa~al 7<br />firm 1fs:d 11<br />firstly I1fs:stlii 60<br />fixed assets /,f~kst 'asetsl 30<br />fixed costs /,f~kst 'k~stsl 27<br />flair lfleal 44<br />flat l'flaetl 7<br />flexibility /,fleks~'b~latii 7<br />flexitimelflextime l'fleksit a~ml<br />'flekstarml 2<br />flip chart I'fl~p tJa:t/ 60<br />float Iflautl 36<br />flotation Iflau'terJad 36<br />focus groups I'faukas gru:ps/ 14<br />food processing 1,fu:d<br />prau'ses~gl 13<br />foreign exchange 1 forex /, f~r~n<br />~ks'tJe~ndgI 36<br />forgers I1f3:dgazl 40<br />forgery Iif3:dgarii 40<br />formally I1f3:maW 46<br />forms of address 1,fg:mz av<br />a'dresl 45<br />forward ltf3:wad 53<br />found If aund I 10<br />founder l'faundal 10<br />franchisee l,fraenJa~'zi:/ 24<br />franchises I'fraenJarz~zl 24<br />franchisor I1fraenJarzal 24<br />fraud Ifr3:d 40<br />fraud squad I'fr3:d skw~d 40<br />free enterprise lfri: 'entaprarzl<br />11<br />free gift lfri: 'g~ftl 25<br />free sample lfri: 'sa:mpV 25<br />freelancerlfreelance I1fri:la:nsa<br />'fri:la:ns/ 7<br />freephone number 1'fri:faun<br />,n~mbal 48<br />friendly bid 1,frendli 'brd 34<br />fringe benefits l,fr1nd3 'ben~f~tsl<br />5<br />full-time job 1,ful tarm 'd3~bi 1<br />full-time work 1,ful tarm 'w3:W 1<br />fund-raising /'f~nd re1z1~1 12<br />futures contract I1fju:tJaz<br />,k~ntrakt/ 36<br />gains lge~nzl 37<br />Gantt chart I'gaent tJa:tl 42<br />gearing I'gra~gl 32<br />generic products Idga'ner~k<br />' pr~d~ktsl 22<br />generics ldgalnerrW 22<br />gesture l1d3estJa1 47, 60<br />get down to business lget daun<br />ta 'brzn~sl 56, 63<br />get the ball rolling /,get da b3:l<br />'raul~gl 56<br />get through lget '0ru:l 49<br />give in Igrv 'rd 65<br />glass ceiling 1,gla:s 'si:11gl 8<br />glut /CJlAt/ 16<br />go bankrupt Igau 'baegkr~ptl<br />3 3<br />go into administration 1,gau<br />go into liquidation 1,gau ~nta<br />,l~kw~'de~Jad 33<br />go into the red 1,gau ~nta da<br />red 35<br />go-slow Igau'slaul 6<br />going concern Igau~g kanlss:nl<br />30<br />good Igud I 4<br />good organizer Igud<br />'3:ganarzal 55<br />good timekeeper Igud<br />'tarm,ki:pa/ 55<br />goods lgudz I 17<br />goodwill Igud'wrV 30<br />goodwill gesture Igud'w11<br />,dgestJa/ 64<br />government-owned companies<br />1,g~vanmant aund<br />'k~mpanizl 11<br />graduate from l'graedguwe~t<br />graduates l'graedguatsl 4<br />green activists 1,gri:n 'aekt~v~stsl<br />41<br />green issues 1'gri:n ,rJu:z/ 41<br />greetingslgoodbyes I1gri:t~gz<br />gud'ba~zl 47<br />gross domestic product (GDP)<br />1,graus da,mestrk ' pr~d~ktl<br />3 8<br />gross margin Igraus 'ma:dg~d<br />27<br />gross national product (GNP)<br />/,graus naeJanal ' pr~d~ktl 38<br />gross profit Igraus ' pr~f~tl 31<br />ground lgraund I 54, 64<br />group discussion 1gru:p<br />d~' sk~Jad 3<br />grow Igraul 10, 38<br />growth industries l'grau0<br />,rndastriz/ 13<br />growth rate l'grau0 re1t1 38<br />haemorrhage red ink I1hemarrd3<br />,red ,rgW 31<br />haggle llhegV 64<br />hand in your notice /,haend In<br />j3: 'naut~sl 7<br />hand-made lhaend'me~d 16<br />handle l'handli 17<br />handout l'handautl 60<br />handwriting analysis<br />I'haend,rartrg a,nielasrs/ 3<br />hang up I'har~ ~pl 49<br />harass l'haeras ha'raesl 8<br />hard 1ha:dl 2<br />head Ihed 9<br />head office Ihed '~f1s1 6<br />headhunt l'hedh~ntl 3<br />headhunter I'hedh~ntal 3<br />headhunting l'hedh~nt 101 3<br />headquarters (HQ)<br />I,hed1kw3:taz -'-I 6<br />health and safety inspectors<br />/,he10 an 'se~fti ~n,spektaz/ 8<br />health and safety issues /,he10<br />an 'se~fti ,1Ju:z1 8<br />healthcare Iihel0kear/ 13<br />heavy industries 1,hevi<br />'~ndastrizl 13<br />hedging I'hedg11~1 58<br />helpline /'helpla~n/ 48<br />hi-tech /,ha~'teld 15<br />hierarchical /,ha~a'ra:k~kaV 45<br />high finance /ha1 'fa~nansl 38<br />high-end 1ha1'end 23<br />high-priced /ha~'pra~st/ 23<br />high-street banks /,ha1 stri:t<br />'baer~ksl 35<br />highly geared Iha~li 'g~ard, 32<br />highly leveraged 1ha1li<br />'li:var~dgd/ 32<br />hire I'ha~al 3<br />hiring l'ha1a11~1 3<br />hits Ih~tsl 26<br />hold shares Ihauld'JeazI 32<br />holiday I'hulade~l 47<br />horse-trading I'hxs tre1d11~1 64<br />hospitality I,h~sp~'talati/ 47<br />hostile bid /,hustaIl'b~d 34<br />hotline I'h~tla~nl 48<br />household goods 1,haushauld<br />'gudz I 13<br />HTH 53<br />human resource management<br />(HRM) 1,hju:man 'r1z3:s<br />,man~dgmant/ 6<br />human resources (HR)<br />1,hju:man ~I'Z~:SIZ/ 6<br />human resources department<br />(HRD) 1,hju:man 'r1z3:s1z<br />d1,pa:tmantl 6<br />humour I1hju:ma/ 47<br />hypermarket /'ha~pa,ma:k~t/<br />24<br />icons I'a~kunzl 53<br />impasse I'aempaesl 66<br />impolite /,rmpallart/ 57<br />imports l'rmp3:tsl 38<br />imposed l~m'pauzdl 44<br />in charge of 11n 'tJa:dg avl 1<br />in parallel 11n 'paeraleli 42<br />in stock 11n st~ld 17<br />in the black 11n da 'blaeld 35<br />in the red 11n da 'red 31<br />in-house 11n'haus I 4, 7, 17<br />in-house training l~n, haus<br />'tre~n~r~l 4<br />income statement 1'1gk~m<br />,ste~tmant/ 31<br />incorporated/Inc<br />1rn1k3:pare~t~dl 12<br />indebtedness I~n'det~dnasl 32<br />index 1'1ndeksl 37<br />indexes 1'1ndeks1zl 37<br />indices 1'1nd1si:zl 37<br />indirect costs /,~nd~rekt 'k~stsl<br />27<br />industrial 11n'd~striaV 6<br />industrial action 11n,d~st rial<br />'aekJan1 6<br />industrial robots /~n,d~strial<br />'raub~tsl 16<br />industrial scale /~n,d~strial<br />'ske~V 14<br />industrialize 11n'd~st riala~zl 13<br />industry 1'1ndastriI 13<br />inflation rate I~n'fle~Jan re1t1<br />38<br />inflationary I~n'fle~Janari I 38<br />information line /,~nfa'me~Jan<br />la1n1 48<br />initiative l~'n~Jat~v/ 44<br />inland revenue 1,1nland<br />'revanju:/ 29<br />innovate 1'1nave1tI 15<br />innovative 1'1navat1vI 15<br />inputs 1'1nputsI 17<br />insider dealing 11n,sa1da 'di:11g/<br />40<br />insider trading 11n,sa1da<br />'tre1d11~1 40<br />insolvent I~n's~lvantl 33<br />intangible assets l~n~taendgabl<br />'aesetsl 30<br />intellectual property<br />l,~ntalektjual 'propati1 15<br />intense 11n'tensI 20<br />interest 1'1ntrastl 32, 34, 35<br />internet access 1'1ntanet ,aekses/<br />26<br />internet banking 1,lntanet<br />'bagk11~1 35<br />internet service provider(1SP)<br />1,1ntanet 'S~:VIS pra,va~da/<br />26<br />interruptions I, ~nt a'r~pJanz1 42<br />interviews 1'1ntavju:zI 3<br />introduce I,~ntra'dju:sl 59<br />invent 11n'ventI 15<br />inventories 1'1nvantrizI 17<br />invest 11n'vestl 32<br />investment companies<br />i~n'vestmant ,k~mpaniz/ 35<br />investors I~n'vestazl 32, 36<br />invoice l'1nv31sI 29<br />invoicing 1'1nv31s1r~I 29<br />irreconcilable differences<br />I,~rekansa~labl 'd~farans~zi<br />66<br />issue 1'1Ju:l 66<br />issued 1'1Ju:d 36<br />issues 1'1Ju:zI 41<br />job insecurity 1,dgub<br />~ns~'kjuarati/ 7<br />job title I'dg~b ta~tll 46<br />jobless l'dgoblasl 38<br />join Idg311i 3<br />joint account /,dg31nt a'kauntl<br />35<br />joint venture 1,dg~nt 'ventJa1<br />34<br />jump ldg~mpi 39<br />junk mail I'dg~r~k me~V 24<br />just-in-time /,dg~st~n'ta~m/ 17<br />kaizen 1ka1'zei 18<br />keep calm 1,ki:p 'ka:m/ 57<br />keep things moving 1,ki:p 01gz<br />'mu:v~r~/ 54<br />key accounts Iki: a'kaunts I 29<br />key players Iki: 'ple1azl20<br />keypad I1ki:pad/ 49<br />kick off 1k1k 'ufl 56, 63<br />kickback I'k~kbald 40<br />knowledge I'nu11dgl 17<br />laboratories /la1 burat arizl 14,<br />15<br />labour-intensive /,le~ba<br />~n'tents~vl 16<br />labourflabor I'le~bal 6, 17, 41,<br />60<br />labourflabor unions I'le~ba<br />,ju:njanz/ 6<br />last mile problem 1,la:st ma11<br />'prublami 26<br />latecomers I'le~tkamazl 55, 60<br />lay off 1le1 ' ~fl 7<br />leadership /'li:daJ~p/ 10,44<br />leadership skills /'li:daJ~p sk~lzl<br />10,44<br />leading edge /,li:d~g 'edgl 15<br />leadtime /'li:dta~m/ 42<br />lean manufacturing /,li:n<br />,mznjalfzktJar~g/ 17<br />lean production /li:n<br />pratdakJad 17<br />leaner i1li:na/ 7<br />leap ili:p/ 39<br />learning curve /'ls:n~g ks:v/ 28<br />lecture I1lektJa/ 59<br />legible I'ledgabli 52<br />leisure /'legal 13<br />lender /'lendat 32<br />letters of application 1,letaz av<br />,zpl~'ke~Jan/ 3<br />level off /,leva1 ' ~fl 39<br />leverage /'li:var~dg/ 32<br />licence I'la~sansl 15<br />lie /la1 / 65<br />life insurance companies Aa~f<br />In'Juarans ,klunpaniz/ 12<br />lifestyles I'la~fsta~lzl 43<br />light industries 1la1t '~ndastrid<br />13<br />limited companyLtd /,11m1t ~d<br />'kampanii 12<br />limited liability /,11m1t1d<br />,la1a1b1latii 12<br />line /la~n/ 48<br />list price I'l~st pra1sl23<br />listed I'l~st~dl 36<br />loan capital Ilaun 'kzp~tali 32<br />log off Il~g 'ufl26<br />log on Il~g ' ~n/ 26<br />long-hours culture /,l~g ,auaz<br />'kdtJa1 45<br />long-term liabilities /,l~g ts:m<br />,la~a'brlatiz/ 30<br />lose your job 1,lu:z j3: 'dg~bl 7<br />lose your temper 1,lu:z j3:<br />'tempat 57<br />loss ADS/ 23, 28, 31<br />loss leader /IDS 'li:da/ 23, 28<br />loss-making 1'1~s rne~k~gl 28<br />low-end Ilau'end 23<br />low-key /lau'ki:/20<br />low-priced /lauipra~st/ 23<br />low-tech /laultek/ 15<br />loyalty cards I'b~alti ka:dz/ 25<br />lunch break I'lanJ bre~k/ 47<br />macho culture 1,mztJau<br />'kaltJa/ 45<br />magnate I'mzgne~tl 10<br />mailings I'me111gzl 24<br />mailshots /'me11J~ts/ 24<br />make a loss /,me~k a ' 1~~1 31<br />make a point /,me~k a 'p31ntI 55<br />make a profit /,me~k a ' pr~f~ti<br />28,31<br />make a sale /,me~k a 'sell/ 27<br />make a start /,me~k a 'sta:t/ 56<br />make an application /,me~k an<br />zplr'ke~Jad 3<br />make redundant /,me~k<br />rl'dandantl 7<br />make up time /,me~k ap 'tald<br />42<br />maker l'rne~kal 16<br />manage I'mzn~dgl 1,35<br />manage an account /,mzn~dg an<br />aukaunt/ 35<br />management I'mzn~dgmantl 4,<br />6, 44, 45<br />management development<br />/,mzn~dgmant d~~velapmantl<br />4<br />management layers<br />/,mznrdgmant 'le~azl 45<br />management styles<br />1,mznrdgmant 'sta~lzl 44<br />mannerisms I'mznar~zamzl 60<br />manufactured /,mznjalfzktJad<br />16<br />manufactured goods<br />/,mznja,fzktJad 'gudzl 16<br />manufacturer<br />/,mznjaufzktJara/ 16<br />manufacturing industries<br />/,mznja,fzktJar~g 'lndastrizl<br />13<br />manufacturing plant<br />/,mznjalfzktJar~g pla:nt/ 16<br />manufacturing sector<br />/,mznja,fzktS.r~g 'sektal 13<br />mark-up 1,ma:k apt 27<br />market economy /,ma:k~t<br />~'k~namii 19<br />market forces /,ma:k~t '~~:sIz/<br />19<br />market growth /,ma:k~t 'grau01<br />20<br />market leader /,ma:k~t 'li:da/<br />20<br />market orientation /,ma:k~t<br />,3:rienfte~Jan/ 21<br />market place /'ma:k~t ple~sl 19<br />market pressures /,ma:k~t<br />'preJazJ 19<br />market research /,ma:k~t<br />r~'ss:tJ/ 14<br />market rigging /,ma:k~t ' r~g~g /<br />40<br />market segment /,ma:k~t<br />'segmant / 20<br />market segmentation /,ma:k~t<br />,segmen'te~Jan/ 20<br />market share /,ma:k~t 'Seal 20<br />market-driven /,ma:k~t 'dr~van /<br />2 1<br />market-led /,ma:k~t 'led 21<br />market-oriented /,ma:k~t<br />'3:rientldl 21<br />marketeer /,ma:k~'t~a/ 21<br />marketer /'ma:k~ta/ 21<br />marketing /,ma:k~t~g/ 21<br />marketing concept /,ma:k~t~g<br />'k~nsepti 21<br />marketing mix /,ma:k~t~g 'rn~ksl<br />2 1<br />mass-produce /,mzs pra'dju:s/<br />16<br />matters arising 1,mztaz a'ra~z~gl<br />55<br />media /'media/ 13<br />mediation /,rni:di1e~Jan/ 66<br />mediator I1mi:die~ta/ 66<br />meeting /'mi:t~g/ 54<br />member I'membal 12<br />memorize I'memara~zl 59<br />merge /ms:dg/ 34<br />merger I1ms:dga/ 34<br />methodical Ima'0~d1kaV 4<br />microphone l'rna~krafaud 60<br />mid-priced Im~d'pra~stl 23<br />mid-range Irn~d're~ndgl 23<br />middlemen /'mrdlmen/ 24<br />minimum wage /,m~n~mam<br />'we~dgi 5<br />minute-taker I'm~n~t te~kal 55<br />mobile I'mauba~V 48<br />mobile phone /,mauba11 'faun/<br />4 8<br />model /'m~daV 22,23<br />moderated i'm~dare~tld 65<br />mogul I'maugaV 10<br />money laundering I'mani<br />,b:ndar~g/ 40<br />money spinners l'mrmni ,sp~naz/<br />28<br />monotone I'm~nataud 60<br />mortgage /'ms:g~dg/ 35<br />motivated l'maut~ve~t~d 4<br />multimedia presentation<br />l,mrmlti'mi:dia ,prezanltelJan/<br />60<br />multinational l,m~ti'nzJanaV<br />11<br />mutual /'mju:tJuaV 12, 35, 62<br />mutual advantage 1,mju:tJual<br />ad1va:nt1d31 62<br />mutual funds /,mju:tJual<br />'frmndzl 35<br />mystery shoppers /,m~stari<br />'J~pazl 18<br />nationalized l'nzJanalalzd 11<br />needs /ni:dz / 63<br />negative growth /,negat~v<br />'grauO/ 39<br />negotiate /n~'gauJie~t/ 62<br />negotiating /n~'gaulie~t~gI 63,<br />65<br />negotiations /n~,gauli'e~Janz/<br />62<br />negotiator /nllgauJielta/ 62<br />neon signs /,ni:~n 'salnd 25<br />nervous breakdown /'ns:vas<br />'bre~kdaunl 43<br />net margin /,net 'ma:dg~n/ 27<br />net profit /,net ' pr~f~t/ 31<br />niche market /,ni:l 'ma:k~tl 23<br />night shift /'na~t J~ft/ 2<br />nine-to-five job /na~n ta fa~v<br />'dg~b/ 2<br />non-core assets /,n~n k3:<br />'resets/ 34<br />non-executive directors / n~n<br />~g,zekjat~v d1'rektad 9<br />non-negotiable /n~n<br />n1'gauliabl 65<br />non-profit organizations /n~n<br />,pr~f~t ,3:gana1'zelJanz/ 12<br />not-for-profit organizations /n~t<br />f3: ' pr~f~t ,3:gana1,zerJand<br />12<br />numerate /Inju:marat/ 4<br />objective /ab1dgekt~v/56, 63<br />obsolete /'~bsali:t/ 15<br />obstacles /'~bstakld 65<br />offer /'~fa/ 3, 64<br />office worker /'D~IS ws:ka/ 2<br />offices /' D~ISI~ 6<br />on neutral ground / ~n ,nju:tral<br />'graund / 63<br />on schedule / ~n 'Jedju:V 42<br />open /'aupanl 44<br />open-plan offices /,aupan 'plzn<br />, D~I SI ~ 6<br />operator /'~pare~tal 49<br />options contract 1'~pJanz<br />,k~ntrzkt/ 36<br />order 1'3:daI 29<br />organized 113:gana~zd 4<br />original concept /alrldganal<br />'k~nseptl 14<br />out of work /,aut av 'w3:W 38<br />outline I1autlaln/ 59<br />outplacement /'aut ,ple~smant/<br />7<br />outside suppliers /,autsald<br />salplalaz/ 17<br />outsource /'auts3:s/ 7<br />outsourcing /'auts3:slg/ 17<br />outstanding /,autlstrend~g/ 66<br />over budget /,auva ' b~dg~t/ 28<br />overdraft llauvadra:ft/ 35<br />overhead costs I'auvahed<br />,k~sts/ 27<br />overhead projector (OHP)<br />/,auvahed prauldgekta/ 60<br />overheads I1auvahedz/ 27<br />overlap /'auvalrep/ 42<br />overleveraged Iauva '1i:verldgd<br />32<br />overproduction<br />/,auvapra'd~klan/ 16<br />overspent /,auvalspent/ 28<br />overtime /'auvata~m/ 5, 6<br />overwhelmed l,auva'welmd<br />43<br />overwork /auvalws:W 43<br />owe Iaul 29<br />own-brand product /aunlbrrend<br />,pr~d~kt/ 22<br />own-label product Iaun 'lelbal<br />,pr~d~kt/ 22<br />packaging /'pzk~dg~g/ 21<br />page views /pe~dg 'vju:zl 26<br />pager /'pe~dgal 48<br />panic selling I'pzn~k sel1g1 37<br />paper qualifications /'pe~pa<br />,kw~lrf~'ke~lanzl 4<br />parent company /'pearant<br />,k~mpanU 34<br />part-time job /,pa:t ta~m 'dg~b/<br />1<br />part-time work /,pa:t tam<br />'w3:W 1<br />partners llpa:tnazJ 17<br />partnership /'pa:tnaJ~pl 12<br />parts /pa:tsl 17<br />password llpa:sws:d 26<br />patents /'pe~tants/ 15<br />pay /pe~/ 5<br />pay off /'pe~ ~f / 35<br />payables I'pe1abld29<br />payment terms I'pe~mant<br />ts:mz/ 29<br />payphone /'pe~faun/ 48<br />payroll I'pelraul 6<br />peak lpi:W 39<br />penalties l'penaltiz/ 42<br />penetrate a market /,pen~trelt a<br />'ma:k~t/ 20<br />pension /'pentJan/ 5, 35<br />perfectionism /palfekJan~zam/<br />42<br />performance /pa1f3:mans/ 5, 7,<br />18<br />performance reviews<br />/pa1f3:mans r1,vju:zl 7<br />performance-related bonuses<br />/pa,f~mans r1'1e1t1d<br />'baunas~d 5<br />perks /ps:ksl 5<br />permanent I1ps:manantl 1<br />personal organizers /'ps:sanal<br />'3:gana1zazl 42<br />personnel /,ps:salnel 6<br />personnel department<br />pharmaceuticals<br />/,fa:malsju:t~kalz/ 13<br />phase /fe~z/ 42<br />phone /faun/ 48<br />phonecard llfaunka:d 48<br />physical contact /,f~z~kal<br />'k~ntrekt/ 47<br />physical delivery /,f~z~kal<br />d1'11varii 26<br />pitch /prtl/ 60<br />place /ple~s/ 21<br />place an order /,ple~s an '3:da/<br />29<br />plastic I'plrest~W 35<br />plummet /'plm~t/ 39<br />poison pill /' p~zan , p~l 34<br />position /pa'z~lan/ 3<br />post /paust/ 3<br />postpone Ipaust'paud 65<br />pre-tax loss 1pri:tzks 'IDS/ 31<br />pre-tax profit 1pr:tzks ' pr~f~t/<br />31<br />precisely 1pr1'saislii 57<br />predator I'predatal 34<br />present I'prezant l 47<br />presenteeism /prezanlti:zd 47<br />president I'prez~dantl 9<br />press conference I'pres<br />,k~nfarans/ 59<br />pressure i1preJar/ 43<br />prey Ipre11 34<br />price Ipra~sl 19,21,23,40<br />price boom I'pra~s bu:d 23<br />price controls I'prals kantraulzl<br />23<br />price cut /'pra~s k~t / 23<br />price fixing I'pra~s f1ks1g140<br />price hike I'pra~s ha~W 23<br />price leader /,pra~s '1i:daI 23<br />price tag I'pra~s tzgl 23<br />price war I'pra~s ws:/ 23<br />pricing I'pra1s11~1 23<br />principal /'pr~nsapall 32<br />priorities /pra~'~ratiz/ 63<br />prioritize /pra~' ~r~ta~z/ 42<br />priority lpra~l~ratii 42<br />private I'pra~v~tl 11, 35<br />private enterprise /,praiv~t<br />privatized /'pra~v~ta~zcU 11<br />proactive /,praulzekt~v/ 4<br />probing /'praub1gl64<br />problem i' pr~blad 60<br />produce /'pr~dju:s/ 16<br />producer /praldju:sa/ 16,24<br />product /' pr~d~kt/ 14, 15, 16,<br />21,22,25,28, 59<br />product development /,pr~d~kt<br />d~~velapmantl 15<br />product launch /,pr~d~kt<br />'1s:ntJI 14, 59<br />product lifecycle /,pr~d~kt<br />'la~fs~k(e)Y 22<br />product line i' pr~d~kt la~ni 22<br />product mix I' pr~d~kt m1ks1 22<br />product placement 1,pr~d~kt<br />'~le~smantl 22<br />product portfolio /,pr~d~kt<br />,ps:t 'fauliaul 22<br />product positioning /,pr~d~kt<br />palz~Janlg/ 22<br />product range /,pr~d~kt 're1nd31<br />22<br />production lines Ipra'd~kJan<br />la1nz1 16<br />productive Ipra'd~kt~vl 54<br />productivity /,pr~d~k't~vatii 16<br />profit and loss account /,pr~f~t<br />and '10s akauntl 31<br />~rofit margin I' pr~f~t ,ma:dg~ni<br />27<br />profit-making I' pr~f~t me1k1g1<br />28<br />profitability /,pr~f1ta'b111tii 28<br />profitable i'pr~f~taby 28<br />profits i'pr~f~tsl 7<br />project /'pr~dgekt/ 42, 54, 60<br />project management /,pr~dgekt<br />'mzn~dgmantl 42<br />promotion /pralmauJani 7, 21,<br />25<br />proposals /pralpauzalz/ 64<br />proprietary Ipra'pra~atarii 15<br />protection lpraltekJani 33<br />prototypes I'prautata~psl 14<br />prove your point /,pru:v js:<br />'ps~ntl 57<br />provided that Iprau'va~d~d bztl<br />64<br />providing that Iprau'va~d~~~ bztl<br />64<br />psychometric tests<br />/,sa~kau,rnetr~k 'tests1 3<br />public holidays /,p~bl~k<br />'h~lade~zi 47<br />public limited company /,p~bl~k<br />,11m1trd 'k~mpanil fflc 12<br />public telephone /,p~bl~k<br />'tel~fauni 48<br />punctuality /,p~nktJu'zlatii 47<br />purchaser 1'ps:tJasal 19<br />purchasiilg managers /,ps:tJas~r~<br />'mzn~dgazl 19<br />purpose I1ps:pas/ 56<br />put back /put 'bzW 51<br />put off /put 'Df/ 51<br />put through /put '0ru:I 49<br />put up money /put ~p 'm~nii 32<br />qualifications /,kw~11f1'ke1$anzl<br />3, 46<br />qualify as /' kw~l~fa~ zz/ 4<br />quality l'kw~latii 18, 42, 43<br />quality circles I'kw~lati ,ss:klz/<br />18<br />quality control /,kw~lati<br />kan'trauy 18<br />quality of life /,kw~lati av 'la~fi<br />43<br />quality time /'kw~lati ' t a~d 43<br />question I'kwestJani 59, 60<br />questionnaires /,kwestJa'neaz/<br />14<br />quoted I'kwaut~d 36<br />racial discrimination /,re~Jal<br />d~,skr~m~'ne~Jan/ 8<br />racism I' re~s~zad 8<br />racist I're~s~stl 8<br />racketeers /,rzk~'t~arz/ 40<br />raise capital 1re1z 'kzp~taY 32<br />rally i'rzlii 37<br />rambling l'rzmbl~gl 54<br />rat race I'rzet re1s1 43<br />rate /re~t/ 35<br />raw materials /,rx ma't~arialzl<br />17,22<br />reach agreement 1,ri:tJ<br />algri:mant/ 58<br />reach break-even point 1,ri:tJ<br />bre~k 'i:van ps~ntl 28<br />realistic plan I,r~al~st~k 'plzni<br />42<br />reassure lIri:a1Jua/ 65<br />rebalancing /ri:'bzlans11~1 43<br />recall /r1'k3:l/ 14<br />receivables /r~'si:vablz/ 29<br />receive 1r1'si:vl 53<br />receivers /r~'si:vaz/ 33<br />receivership /r~'si:vaJ~p/ 33<br />recession 1r1'seS.d 39<br />recommended retail price<br />1,rekamendld 'ri:te11 pra~sl<br />23<br />reconsider its position<br />/,ri:kan,'s~da ~t s pa'z~Jani 65<br />record high 1,reks:d 'ha11 37<br />recover /r~' k~va/ 33<br />recovery /r~'k~varii 33, 37<br />recruit 1r1'kru:tl 3<br />recruiter 1r1'kru:tal 3<br />recruitment /r~'kru:tmant/ 3<br />red ink Ired 'IIJW 31<br />referees /,refairi:z/ 3<br />references I'refarans~zl 3<br />reforms /r~'fs:mz/ 19<br />register I1red31sta/ 26<br />regulate I'regjale~tl 40<br />rehearse /r~'hs:s/ 59<br />remain steady /r~,me~n 'stedii<br />3 9<br />remote /r~'maut/ 44, 45<br />remuneration /r~,rnju:na're~Janl<br />5<br />remuneration package<br />ir~,rnju:na'ra~Jan 'pak~dgi 5<br />repetitive /r~'petatrv/ 2<br />repetitive strain injury (RSI)<br />/r~,petat~v 'stre~n ,rndgarii<br />8<br />reply /rilplar/ 49, 53<br />reports /r1'p3:ts/ 3 1<br />representatives<br />/,repr~'zentat~vd 63<br />research and development<br />(R&amp;D) 1r1'ss:tJ an<br />d~~velaprnantl 15<br />research centreicenter /r~'s~:tJ<br />,senta/ 15<br />researchers inlsa:tJazi 14<br />reseller 1ri:'selal 24<br />resend 1ri:'sendi 52<br />resign /r~'za~n/ 7<br />resolution /,rezallu:Jan/ 66<br />resolve /r~'z~lv/ 55<br />responsibility /r~,sp~nsa'b~latii<br />1<br />responsible for /r~'sp~nsabl fs:/<br />1<br />restructure /,ri:'str~ktJai 7<br />restructuring /,ri:'str~ktJarrg/<br />34<br />result irr'z~lti 28, 31<br />retail ilri:terY 13, 24<br />retail outlet /'ri:te~I ,autlati 24<br />retailers /'ri:te~laz/ 24<br />retained earnings Irrternd<br />'s:n~gzi 33<br />retire 1r1'taraI 7<br />retirement /rritaramant/ 7<br />return your call 1r1ts:n j3: 'k3:li<br />49<br />revenue ilrevanju:/ 27<br />rewarding /~I' w~:~IIJ/ 43<br />reworking /,ri:'w3:k1g/ 18<br />right first time i,rart ,fs:st<br />'ta~mi 18<br />ring ir1g1 48<br />rival I'ra~vaV 20<br />role of silence iraul av 'sarlansi<br />47<br />rollout /'raulaut/ 14<br />round of negotiations i,raund<br />av nI1gauJi1erJanz/ 62<br />routine 1ru:'ti:nl 2<br />royalties i'r.s~altiz/ 15<br />rude iru:d 57<br />rules of conversation 1,ru:lz av<br />k~nva'serJad 47<br />run i r ~d 1<br />run out of time / r~n aut av<br />' t a~d 58<br />run over / r~n 'auval 60<br />sack /saki 7<br />safe /se~f/ 14<br />salary iisalarii 5<br />sale Ise1Il27<br />sale price per unit /,se11 prars<br />p3: 'ju:nrt/ 28<br />sales areasisales territories<br />I'serlz ,eariaz/'se~lz<br />,ter~tariz/ 25<br />sales figures il,serlz ,f~ga~z/ 27<br />sales forecast lse~lz ,f3:ka:sti<br />27<br />sales forecasts I'serlz<br />,f3:ka:sts/ 14<br />sales growth Iiserlz grauO127<br />sales manager i'se~lz mzn~dgai<br />25<br />sales meeting l'se~lz mi:trgI 27<br />sales outlet i'serlz autletl 24<br />sales team /'se~lz ti:m/ 27<br />salesforce iise~lzf3:si 25<br />salesmen /'se~lzman/ 25<br />salespeople /'se~lzpi:pll 25<br />saleswomen /'se~lzwrm~n/ 25<br />satisfying /'sztrsfa~rg/ 2<br />savings account /'serv~gz<br />akaunti 35<br />scam isksed 40<br />schedule I1Jedju:V 42<br />screen /skri:n/ 60<br />search engine i1s3:tJ endg~n/<br />26<br />seating ~lan ilsi:trg plseni 59<br />secondly ilsekandlii 60<br />securely is1 'kjuarlii 26<br />securities is~~kjuaratizi 36<br />security /srikjuaratil 26, 32, 36<br />selection process Isr'lekJan<br />prausesl 3<br />self-driven /,self 'dr~van i 4<br />self-employed /,self rrnlpl.srdi<br />11,12<br />self-motivated /,self<br />'maut rve~t 1dl4<br />self-starters iself 'sta:taz/ 4<br />seller i'selai 19<br />seminar /'sem~na:i 59<br />send an email /,send an 'i:rne~V<br />5 3<br />senior I1si:nia/ 7, 46<br />senior executive 1,si:nia<br />~g'zekjat~vi 9<br />service industries /'SB:VIS<br />~ndastrizl 13<br />service sector /'S~:VIS sekta.1 13<br />services /'SB:VISIZ/ 13, 19<br />settle disputes /,set1 drlspju:tsi<br />62<br />settlement I'setlrnanti 66<br />severance package I'sevarans<br />pak~dji 5<br />severance payment I1sevarans<br />pe~mantl 5<br />sex discrimination Iseks<br />d~,skrrmr'neiJanl 8, 41<br />sexual harassment 1,sekJual<br />ha'rasmanti 8<br />share capital /,Sea ,kapitaV 32<br />share options /'Sea ~pJanzi 5<br />share price /'Sea pra1s1 37<br />shareholders /'Jea,hauldazi 32<br />shares iJeazi 36<br />shift /J~ft/ 2<br />ship /SIP 1 29<br />shop /SDp/ 24<br />shopping cart /'JOPIIJ ka:ti 26<br />shopping centre /'JDPIO sent a/<br />24<br />shopping malls I'JDPI~ rn3:lzl<br />24<br />shopping precinct /'SDPI~<br />pri:srgkt/ 24<br />shortage I1J3:trd3/ 16<br />shortlist /'J3:tl1st/ 3<br />show off /Jau ' ~fI54<br />sick 1s1ki 33<br />simultaneous /,s~mal'te~niasi 42<br />site isart/ 6, 26<br />situation /,srtjulelJan/ 3<br />situations vacant l,s~tjue~Janz<br />'ve~kantl 3<br />skill /skrl/ 4<br />skilled lskrld 4<br />skyrocket /'skar,r~k~t/ 39<br />slash isldi 39<br />sleaze /sli:z/ 40<br />slide projector 1lsla1d<br />praudgektal 60<br />slump isl~mpl 39<br />small investors ism.s:l<br />mlvestaz/ 35<br />small or medium-sized<br />enterprise (SME) /,sms:l 3:<br />,mi:diam sa~zd 'entapra~zl<br />11<br />small talk 1'sms:l t3:W 63<br />smart casual 1,sma:t 'kae3juaV<br />46<br />smile 1sma1V 60<br />snowed under lsnaud 'andal 51<br />soar /s3:/ 39<br />socially responsible /,sauJali<br />r~'sp~nsabl/ 41<br />sole owner 1,saul'aunal 12<br />sole proprietor 1,saul<br />pra'pra~atal 12<br />sole trader 1,saul'treidal 12<br />sophisticated Isa'f~st~kert id1 23<br />special displays /,speJal<br />d~'spleizl 25<br />special offers<br />specifications/specs<br />speculator <br />spend <br />sponsor <br />sponsorship <br />spot checks <br />stable<br />staff <br />stage <br />stagflation <br />stagnation <br />stalemate <br />stand-up presentation <br />start-ups <br />state pension <br />state-of-the-art <br />state-owned <br />steel <br />step <br />stereotypes <br />sticking points <br />stiff <br />stimulating <br />stock exchange <br />stock market 6<br />stock options <br />stocks<br />stoppage <br />store <br />stored <br />street furniture <br />street vendors<br />stress-induced <br />stressed out<br />stresses and strains <br />stressful <br />stretched <br />strike <br />structure <br />subcontracting<br />subordinates <br />subsidiaries <br />sum up Ism <br />supermarket <br />suppliers <br />support staff <br />surf <br />surge <br />surveys <br />sweatshop labor<br />sweetener <br />switchboard <br />systematic <br />tactfully <br />takeover <br />talented <br />talk <br />target <br />task <br />team of equals<br />team-players<br />technical support <br />technology <br />telecommunications<br />telecommuting <br />telemarketing <br />telephone banking <br />teleworking<br />temporary <br />terminate <br />testing <br />textiles <br />the City <br />the close <br />the four ps <br />the free market <br />the market<br />the Square Mile <br />threats <br />time <br />time is money <br />time management<br />timeframe <br />timescale <br />timetable <br />timings <br />tips <br />tiring <br />to license <br />to market <br />to rally <br />to recover <br />to settle<br />toll-free number <br />top-down approach <br />top-end <br />total costs <br />total market capitalization<br />total quality management(TQM) <br />tough <br />tourism <br />trade balance <br />trade credit <br />trade deficit <br />trade down <br />trade gap<br />trade surplus<br />trade unions<br />trade up<br />tradeoff<br />traders<br />trading<br />traditional retailing<br />train<br />training<br />transfer<br />transparency<br />treadmill<br />trialling<br />trials<br />tricks<br />troubled<br />trough<br />true and fair view<br />turn down<br />turnaround<br />turn round<br />turnover<br />TV commercial<br />tycoon<br />ultimatum<br />under budget<br />under duress<br />under licence<br />under stress<br />undercutting<br />underlying security<br />underspent<br />uneconomic<br />uneconomical<br />unemployed<br />unemployment<br />unethical<br />unethically<br />unfocused<br />uniforms<br />uninteresting<br />unique users<br />unit sales<br />unit trusts<br />unstimulating<br />unstressful<br />upfront<br />upmarket<br />useful<br />user name<br />users<br />value<br />variable costs<br />vendor<br />venture capitalist<br />venue<br />vice-presidents (VPs)<br />videoconferencing<br />videophone<br />visionary<br />visitors<br />visual aids<br />voicemail<br />volume<br />voluntary sector<br />volunteer<br />wages<br />walk-out<br />Wall Street<br />wander off the point<br />WAP phone<br />warehouses<br />waste of time<br />webcam<br />white knight<br />whiteboard<br />wholesalers<br />win-win situation<br />windfall<br />window dressing<br />wipe off<br />work experience<br />work-in-progress<br />workers<br />workflow<br />workforce<br />working breakfast<br />work from home<br />working hours<br />works<br />workshop<br />World Wide Web<br />wound up<br />written down<br />written off<br />written proposal<br />wrong number<br />wrongdoers<br />wrongdoing<br />zero defects<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-4578976868837934809?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-63804581030058956432009-05-15T21:05:00.001+02:002009-05-15T21:05:01.446+02:00Join the group for invitations to intercambios, wine tastings and fun, free multi-cultural events around Barcelona: <A href="http://www.meetup.com/The-Barcelona-Social-Club/calendar/">Click here</a> to see the social calendar.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-6380458103005895643?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-72051964386209176072009-05-14T22:34:00.000+02:002009-05-14T22:34:01.377+02:00Very useful when trying to spell things like names over the telephone.<br /><br />Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliet, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, Xray, Yankee, Zulu.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-7205196438620917607?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-43850477211180068282009-05-13T12:58:00.001+02:002009-05-07T15:11:12.749+02:00Hello Folks,<br /><br />Just a quick note to remind everyone about a few opportunities to practice English /Castellano/Catalan...<br /><br />Every Friday at 8pm. Intercambio Conversation. € Free<br /><br />Carrer Sant Honorat, Plaça Sant Jaume, Barcelona<br /><br />MORE INFO: <a href="http://graciaartsproject.com/gracia/homePageNew.php">www.graciaartsproject.com</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-4385047721118006828?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-6376275353259989082009-05-12T07:53:00.001+02:002009-05-08T11:03:28.163+02:00<object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/wuXgnurfdms&amp;hl=es&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x006699&amp;color2=0x54abd6"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/wuXgnurfdms&amp;hl=es&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x006699&amp;color2=0x54abd6" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-637627535325998908?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-58982897004562352082009-05-11T14:58:00.001+02:002009-05-08T09:41:21.415+02:00This is a list that my (Catalan) boyfriend has been working on over the past few months. They're words that he actually hears in his English-speaking office. He works for a multi-national company in Badalona. <br /><br />Follow up: To follow up a clue: Seguir una pista<br />Build up: Aumentar<br />Potential agents<br />Deals directly: Distribuir directamente<br />Visiting partners<br />Build a platform<br />Prompt payment<br />K things, k projects<br />Preparing the partners sales training, local partner.<br />Commitment: Compromiso<br />Closing<br />Local partner<br />Building the pitch<br />Building side<br />Stadium managements<br />Top projects<br />Regarding: Considerando<br />Regard: Observar o mirar de cerca<br />In this regard: En este sentido<br />Engaged to this project: Ocupado en este proyecto<br />Shopping Malls:<br />Frame Work<br />Panel Ship<br />Revenue: Ingresos<br />Implementing<br />Attack<br />Promote<br />Pushing to work as a team<br />Technical issues<br />Figure out: Calcular, solventar.<br />Customized solution<br />Thumb<br />Average life span<br />Tailor- made screens<br />Striking<br />Façade<br />Publicity purposes<br />Landmark: Hito<br />Intriguing<br />Expertise<br />Unparalleled: Sin precedentes<br />Stage<br />Hopeful<br />Reforge that market sector<br />Technical solutions<br />Offers documents<br />Decision<br />A lot of agents<br />Arrange: Ordenar, organizar<br />Publicity rights<br />Network<br />Promote<br />Set up<br />Short<br />Results Q1 Challenge<br />Customized solutions<br />Rule of Thumb<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Acronym<br />[a-kró-nim]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Sigla<br /><br />Aduana<br />feminine noun<br />1. customs<br />• derechos de aduana -> customs duty<br />• pasar por la aduana -> to go through customs<br />1. A custom-house. (f)<br />• Pasar por todas las aduanas -> to undergo a close examination<br />• En la aduana -> (Com.) in bond<br /><br />Ancillary<br />[ænˈsɪlərɪ]<br />adjetivo<br />1. auxiliar (staff, workers)<br />ancillary [an-sí-la-ri]<br />adjetivo<br />1. El que sirve bajo otro sirviente.<br />• Surgery and ancillary services -> cirugía y servicios auxiliares<br />• Ancillary plants -> fábricas anexas<br />Ancilario; subordinado.<br /><br />Appointment<br />[əˈpɔɪntmənt]<br />sustantivo<br />1. cita (f) (meeting)<br />• to make an appointment with somebody -> concertar una cita con alguien<br />• she didn't keep the appointment -> faltó a la cita<br />• I've made/got an appointment with the doctor -> he pedido/tengo hora con el médico<br />• by appointment only -> con cita previa<br />2. nombramiento (m) designación (f) (to job, of committee)<br />• to make an appointment -> hacer un nombramiento<br />• by appointment to His/Her Majesty (comercio) -> proveedores de la Casa Real<br />• appointments -> ofertas (f pl) de empleo (in newspaper)<br /><br /><br />Ascribe<br />[əˈskraɪb]<br />verbo transitivo<br />1. atribuir<br /><br />1. Adscribir.<br />2. Atribuir, achacar.<br />3. Aplicar, adjudicar.<br /><br /><br /><br />Bandwagon<br />bændwægən<br />sustantivo<br />1. (familiar)<br />to jump on the bandwagon -> subirse al carro<br />bandwagon [band-va-gon]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Vehículo para banda de música.<br />To get on the bandwagon -> adherirse a una candidatura probablemente triunfante<br />To jump on the bandwagon -> subirse al carro o al tren<br /><br />Bid<br />[bɪd]<br />sustantivo<br />1. oferta (f) (offer); puja (f) (at auction)<br />• bid price (bolsa) -> precio (m) comprador<br />2. tentativa (f) intento (m) (attempt)<br />• a rescue/suicide bid -> un intento de rescate/suicidio<br />• to make a bid for power -> intentar conseguir el poder<br />verbo transitivo (pt &amp; pp bid)<br />3. ofrecer (offer); pujar (at auction)(for por)<br />• what am I bid for this table? -> ¿qué ofrecen por esta mesa?<br />verbo intransitivo<br />4. pujar (at auction)(for por)<br />verbo transitivo<br />1. (Literary)<br />2. (greet)<br />• to bid somebody welcome -> dar la bienvenida a alguien<br />• to bid somebody goodbye -> despedir a alguien<br />3. (order)<br />• to bid somebody be silent -> ordenar callar a alguien<br />Bill<br />[bɪl]<br />verbo transitivo<br />6. pasar (la) factura a (give invoice to)<br />Pasarle la cuenta o la factura a (invoice, charge).<br />Mirar la palabra: Factura<br /><br />Bold-face<br />[bould-feis]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Descaro, desvergüenza, impudencia.<br />2. Negrita.<br /><br />Boost<br />[buːst]<br />sustantivo<br />1. propulsión (f) (of rocket); impulso (m) (of economy)<br />• to give something/somebody a boost -> dar un impulso a algo/alguien<br />verbo transitivo<br />2. propulsar (rocket); amplificar (comunicaciones) (signal); impulsar, estimular (economy, production); levantar<br /><br />Cantilever<br />[kan-ti-le-va]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Ménsula, viga voladiz (Arqueología)<br />adjetivo<br />• Cantilever bridge -> puente voladizo<br />Capable<br />[ˈkeɪpəbəl]<br />adjetivo<br />1. capaz, competente (competent)<br />• to be capable of doing something -> ser capaz de hacer algo (be able to do)<br />capable [kei-pa-bol]<br />adjetivo<br />1. Capaz, idóneo, competente (competent).<br />• I’ll leave you in the capable hands of Mr. Smith -> lo dejo con el Sr<br />2. Capaz, inteligente.<br />3. Capaz, lo que puede contener alguna cosa.<br />4. Suficiente, bastante, apto, bueno, propio.<br />• To be capable of -> ser capaz de (able)<br />Cognizance<br />[kog-ni-sans]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Conocimiento, acto de conocer o juzgar una cosa.<br />2. Divisa, señal o distintivo con que uno es conocido.<br />3. Conocimiento, competencia, derecho a conocer de una causa o negocio. (Foro; Forense<br /><br />Commensurate<br />[kəˈmensərət]<br />adjetivo<br />1. acorde (Formal)(with con), proporcional (with a)<br />• you will receive a salary commensurate with the position -> percibirá un salario adecuado a su puesto<br />commensurate [ko-men-shu-reit]<br />sustantivo<br />va. Conmensurar, medir o tomar la proporción de alguna cosa reduciéndola a medida comú<br />adjetivo<br />1. Conmensurativo, proporcionado.<br />• Commensurate with something -> acorde o en proporción con algo<br />Acorde.<br /><br />Commitment<br />[kəˈmɪtmənt]<br />sustantivo<br />1. compromiso (m) (obligation, loyalty)<br />• to make a commitment (to something/somebody) -> comprometerse (con algo/alguien)<br />• she lacks commitment -> no se compromete lo suficiente<br />• family commitments -> compromisos familiares<br /><br />Compliance<br />[kəmˈplaɪəns]<br />sustantivo<br />1. cumplimiento (m) (with de)<br />• in compliance with your wishes -> en cumplimiento de sus deseos<br /><br /><br />Competition<br />[kɒmpɪˈtɪʃən] kom-pi-ti-shon<br />sustantivo<br />1. concurso (m) (contest); competición (f) (in sport)competencia (f) (Am)<br />2. competencia (f) (rivalry)<br />• to be in competition with somebody -> competir con alguien<br />• the competition -> la competencia (rivals)<br />1. Competencia, competición, disputa o contienda entre dos o más personas acerca de alguna cosa que se pretende; rivalidad, concurrencia en un mismo empeño (competing).<br />• To be in competition with somebody/something -> competir con alguien/algo<br />2. Concurso (contest); certamen, concurso (literary); (Sport) Competencia, competición.<br />Competencia (opposition).<br /><br /><br /><br />Corporation<br />[kɔːpəˈreɪʃən]<br />sustantivo<br />1. sociedad (f) anónima (comercio)<br />• corporation tax -> impuesto (m) de sociedades (británico)<br />2. consistorio (m) ayuntamiento (m) (council)<br />corporation [kor-po-rei-shon]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Corporación, cuerpo político o civil, con capacidad legal para obrar como una sola persona.<br />2. Cabildo, ayuntamiento, corporación municipal, municipio (municipal council); comunidad de personas eclesiásticas o seculares; cuerpo, sociedad, gremio,<br />verbo<br />3. gr. (Festivo)<br />Sociedad anónima (in US/company); compañía, empresa, corporación (in GB). gremio de sastres, zapateros, etc. 3.(Fest.) El cuerpo humano cuando es grande y pesado.<br /><br />Deferred<br />[dɪˈfɜːd]<br />adjetivo<br />1. aplazado(a)<br /><br />Delay<br />[dɪˈleɪ]<br />sustantivo<br />1. retraso (m) demora (f) (Am)<br />• without delay -> sin (mayor) demora<br />• an hour's delay -> un retraso or una demora de una hora (Am)<br />• all flights are subject to delay -> todos los vuelos llevan retraso or demora (Am)<br />verbo transitivo<br />2. retrasar (project, decision, act); retener, demorar (traffic)<br />• to be delayed -> llevar retraso; (train) llegar tarde, retrasarse(person), demorarse (Am)<br />• I don't want to delay you -> no te quiero entretener<br />• delaying tactics -> tácticas (f pl) dilatorias<br />verbo intransitivo<br />3. retrasarse, demorarse<br />• don't delay! -> ¡no deje pasar más tiempo!<br /><br />Delineate<br />[de-li-nieit]<br />Verbo transitivo<br />1. detallar, especificar (plan, proposal)<br />delineate<br />1. Delinear, trazar, diseñar, dibujar (draw).<br />2. Pintar con diversos colores.<br />3. Representar alguna cosa como es.<br />4. Delinear, describir.<br />5. Definir, describir (problem).<br />Devote<br />[dɪˈvəʊt]<br />verbo transitivo<br />1. dedicar (time, money)(to a)<br />• to devote oneself to -> consagrarse a<br />devote [di-vout]<br />1. Dedicar, consagrar; aplicar, entregar completamente.<br />2. Maldecir, execrar.<br /><br /><br />Downstream<br />downstream<br />[daʊnˈstriːm]<br />adverbio<br />1. aguas abajo ¿?<br /><br />Drum up<br />drum up<br />verbo transitivo<br />1. buscar, reunir (support, enthusiasm)<br />drum up [dram]<br />Conseguir, obtener (support).<br /><br /><br />Elsewhere<br />[ˈelsweə(r)]<br />adverbio<br />1. En cualquier otra parte, en otro sitio, a otra parte, de otra parte.<br /><br />Enclosed<br />adjetivo<br />también:<br />• an enclosed space -> un espacio cerrado<br />1. adjunto(a) (in letter)<br /><br />Excise<br />sustantivo [ˈeksaɪz]<br />también:<br />• excise (duties) -> impuesto (m) sobre el consumo (tax)<br />Factura<br />Invoice<br />Factura proforma: Pro forma invoice<br />1. Invoice of merchandise. (f)<br />• Según factura -> as per invoice<br />• Presentar factura -> to send an invoice<br /><br />Headquarters<br />[hedˈkwɔːtəz]<br />sustantivo plural<br />1. sede (f) central (f) (of organization); cuartel (m) general (militar)<br /><br />Herein<br />[jia-in]<br />adverbio<br />1. En esto, aquí dentro.<br />Herewith<br />[jia-uiz]<br />adverbio<br />1. Con esto, junto con esto.<br /><br />Indeed<br />[ɪnˈdiːd]<br />adverbio<br />1. (used with “very”)<br />• very happy indeed -> contentísimo(a)<br />• I am very glad indeed -> me alegro muchísimo<br />• thank you very much indeed -> muchísimas gracias<br />2. efectivamente, ciertamente (in confirmation)<br />• yes indeed! -> ¡ciertamente!<br />• indeed not! -> ¡por supuesto que no!<br />• you've been to Venice, haven't you? — indeed I have! -> has estado en Venecia, ¿verdad? — ¡ya lo creo!<br />3. es más (what is more)<br />• I think so, indeed I am sure of it -> creo que sí, es más, estoy seguro<br />4. (expressing ironic surprise)<br />• have you indeed? -> ¿ah, sí?, ¿no me digas?<br />indeed [in-did]<br />adverbio<br />1. Verdaderamente, realmente, bien que, de veras, a la verdad, sí.<br />• But indeed -> pero bien reflexionado<br />• Though indeed -> aunque considerado todo<br />• Then indeed -> entonces sí<br />• That indeed, Eso sí. Indee -> se usa muy a menudo de un modo expletivo para dar más fuerza al sentido de la frase o de la oración, y entonces corresponde casi siempre en castellano a «ciertamente, muy o verdaderamente<br />• Indeed? can you suppose it -> ¿De veras<br />¿De veras? ¡De veras! ¡Vaya, vaya! ¿puede Vd. suponerlo?<br /><br /><br /><br />Keyed<br />[kiid]<br />adjetivo<br />1. Teclado, que tiene teclas; que tiene llave.<br /><br />Likelihood<br />likelihood<br />sustantivo<br />1. probabilidad (f)<br />• in all likelihood -> con toda probabilidad<br />• there is little likelihood of finding it -> hay pocas probabilidades de encontrarlo<br />• the likelihood is that… -> lo más probable es que…<br />Mandatory<br />[ˈmændətərɪ]<br />adjetivo<br />1. obligatorio(a)<br />mandatory [man-da-to-ri]<br />adjetivo<br />1. Preceptivo, que expresa un mandato positivo y no un permiso. (Foro; Forense)<br />sustantivo<br />2. Mandatario.<br />Misunderstanding<br />[mɪsʌndəˈstændɪŋ]<br />sustantivo<br />1. malentendido (m) confusión (f) (misconception)<br />• there's been a misunderstanding about the time -> ha habido un malentendido con la hora<br />2. desacuerdo (m) diferencias (f pl) (disagreement)<br /><br /><br /><br />Motorist<br />sustantivo<br />1. conductor(ora) (m,f) automovilista (sustantivo masculino)<br /><br />Mounting<br />[maun-tin]<br />sustantivo<br />1. soporte (m) (for engine, gun)<br />adjetivo<br />2. creciente (cost, opposition)<br />3. Subida; lo que sirve para subir alguna parte.<br />4. Montura, engaste, los ornamentos que hermosean y adornan una obra.<br />5. El acto o el arte de preparar una cosa para usarla o exhibirla.<br />V. MOUNT.<br /><br />Ongoing<br />adjetivo<br />1. en curso<br /><br /><br />One-off<br />sustantivo<br />1. (familiar)<br />it was a one-off -> fue una excepción or un hecho aislado (mistake, success) (británico)<br />a one-off job -> un trabajo aislado<br /><br />Outer<br />[ˈaʊtə(r)]<br />adjetivo<br />1. exterior<br />• outer door -> puerta (f) exterior<br />• outer London -> la periferia londinense<br />• outer Mongolia -> Mongolia Exterior<br />• outer space -> el espacio exterior<br />outer [au-tar]<br />adjetivo<br />1. Exterior, externo.<br />• Outer space -> espacio interastral<br />Packing List<br />• Albarán<br />Performance<br />[per-for-mans]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Ejecución; cumplimiento (fulfilment).<br />2. Composición, obra (work).<br />3. Acción, hecho, hazaña (act).<br />4. Representación teatral.<br />5. Comportamiento, funcionamiento, rendimiento.<br /><br />Purpose<br />sustantivo<br />1. propósito (m) objeto (m) (object, aim)<br />• on purpose -> adrede, a propósito<br />• to be to no purpose -> ser en vano<br />• what is the purpose of your visit? -> ¿cuál es el objeto de su visita?<br />they have<br /><br />Profitability<br />rentabilidad<br />feminine noun<br /><br /><br />Receivable<br />[ri-si-va-bol]<br />adjetivo<br />1. Recibidero, admissible.<br />• Bills receivable -> valores a recibir, o por cobrar<br /><br />Revenue<br />[ˈrevənjuː]<br />sustantivo<br />1. ingresos mpl (finanzas)<br />1. Rentas públicas, ingresos del Estado, el producto total de las contribuciones, tasas, impuestos, derechos de aduanas, etc. 2.<br />• Revenue officer -> empleado de aduana<br />• Revenue stamp -> timbre del impuesto<br />Renta, rédito, entrada (de los bienes de un particular).<br /><br />Rid<br />(pt &amp; pp rid)<br />[rɪd]<br />verbo transitivo<br />también:<br />• to rid somebody of something -> librar a alguien de algo<br />• to rid oneself of something, to get rid of something -> deshacerse de algo<br /><br /><br />Roadway<br />[ˈrəʊdweɪ]<br />sustantivo<br />1. calzada (f), calzada, parte del camino reservada para los carruajes.<br /><br />Rupee<br />[ruːˈpiː]<br />sustantivo<br />1. rupia (f) (Indian currency)<br /><br />Scope<br />scope<br />[skəʊp]<br />sustantivo<br />1. ámbito (m) alcance (m)<br />• to give scope for… -> permitir (la posibilidad de)… (interpretation, explanation)<br />• to give free scope to one's imagination -> dar rienda suelta a la imaginación<br />1. Alcance de vista o acción; punto de mira; lugar, espacio en que ejercer las facultades.<br />2. Objeto, fin, intento, designio, intención.<br />• To have free scope -> tener carta blanca para hacer lo que se quiera, no tener freno ni sujeción, obrar libremente<br />• To give full scope to the imagination -> dar rienda suelta a la imaginación<br />• a real sense of purpose -> saben lo que quieren (conseguir)<br />Shift<br />sustantivo<br />1. cambio (m) (change)<br />• a shift in meaning -> un cambio de significado<br />• a shift to the right/left -> un desplazamiento hacia la derecha/izquierda (in politics)<br />• shift key -> tecla (f) de mayúsculas (on typewriter, computer)<br />2. turno (m) (industria)<br />• to work (in) shifts -> trabajar por turnos<br />• shift worker -> trabajador(ora) (sustantivo masculino o femenino) por turnos<br />también:<br />• shift (dress) -> vestido (m) recto<br />verbo transitivo<br />3. mover (move); eliminar (stain)<br />• to shift the blame onto somebody -> echar la culpa a alguien<br />4. vender, despachar (familiar) (sell)<br />verbo intransitivo<br />5. moverse (move); cambiar (change); ir a toda máquina or (familiar) (move quickly)mecha (español de España)<br />shift [shift]<br />1. Cambiar, hacer mudar de lugar, sitio o puesto a una cosa (change); transportar, conducir, llevar de un paraje a otro (transport, carry); trasladar de un paraje o de un tiempo a otro.<br />2. Cambiar por otra u otras cosas de la misma clase; vestirse o quitarse algo del cuerpo.<br />verbo neutro (intransitivo)<br />3. Cambiarse, mudarse de un paraje a otro. (n)<br />4. Ingeniarse, darse maña, buscar arbitrios, discurrir trazas y modos para conseguir o ejecutar una cosa. (n)<br />5. Tergiversar, usar de frases equívoca (n)<br />sustantivo<br />6. Mudarse el vestido, la camisa, etc., ponerse otra ropa blanca. (Desusado) (n)<br />• To shift about -> cambiar completamente de dirección<br />• To shift for oneself -> mirar por sí mismo; ingeniarse o buscar recursos para salir por sí mismo de algún mal paso<br />• To shift off -> eludir la dificultad, salir o librarse de algún aprieto por medio de artificios; cuando se toma en buen sentido corresponde también a tomar un sesgo, un medio, un temperamento o un arbitrio en cualquier asunto, pero más generalmente es andar u obrar con ardides, con doblez o con segundas<br />• To shift a tackle -> (Mar.) enmendar un aparejo<br />• To get someone to shift -> hacer que alguien cambie de actitud<br />• To shift the helm -> cambiar el timón, poner el timón a la contra<br />• To shift a berth -> mudar fondo<br />• To shift the blame on -> echar la culpa a<br />• To shift the cargo -> volver a la estiva<br />• The ballast shifts -> el lastre se corre<br />• To shift about/around -> cambiar de trabajo o de sitio a menudo<br />va.<br />sustantivo<br />1. Cambio, el acto de cambiar de lugar, dirección o forma, o una cosa por otra (change).<br />2. Sustitución, la cosa sustituida por otra (replacement); recurso, expediente (expedients, means), el medio extraordinario para el logro de algún fin, y de aquí, artimaña, artificio, maña, astucia, subterfugio, fraude, evasión, excusa frívola y sólo por salir del paso.<br />3. Camisa de mujer.<br />4. Tanda de obreros; tarea, el tiempo que trabaja cada tanda de operarios (work).<br />• To work -> in shifts, trabajar por turnos<br />• To make shift to -> ingeniárselas, arreglarse para<br />• To make shift without -> pasarse sin<br />• To make a -> largarse, cambiar de sitio<br /><br />Show up<br />verbo transitivo con partícula<br />1. descubrir, poner al descubierto (reveal)<br />2. poner en evidencia (embarrass)<br />verbo intransitivo<br />3. destacar (stand out)<br />• the marks s up under infra-red light -> la luz infrarroja revela las marcas<br />4. aparecer, presentarse (familiar) (arrive)<br />Stead<br />sustantivo<br />1. Lugar, sitio; las veces de; (precedido de in).<br />2. Auxilio, ayuda.<br />3. Armazón de cama. (Desusado)<br />• In his stead -> en su sitio, en su lugar; en vez de él<br />• In stead of -> en lugar de, en vez de, V<br />• To stand in stead -> ser útil, servir una cosa para lo que se quiere destinarla<br />• In my stead -> en mi lugar<br /><br />Strive<br />(pt strove [strəʊv], pp striven [ˈstrɪvən])<br />[straɪv]<br />verbo intransitivo<br />1. esforzarse<br />• to strive to do something -> esforzarse por hacer algo<br />• to strive for or after something -> luchar por algo<br />Stuck<br />[stʌk]<br />adjetivo<br />también:<br />• to get stuck -> atascarse<br />• to be stuck for something -> no tener algo<br />• to be stuck with somebody/something (familiar) -> tener que cargar con alguien/algo<br />psicología &amp; participio passado of stick2<br />stuck [stak]<br />participio pasivo<br />1. Participio pasivo del verbo STICK.<br /><br />Subida<br />feminine noun<br />1. hill (cuesta)<br />2. ascent, climb (ascensión)<br />3. increase, rise (aumento)<br />• se espera una subida de las temperaturas -> temperatures are expected to rise<br />• subida de precios -> price increase<br />• subida de sueldo -> pay rise<br />subida [soo-bee'-dah]<br />noun<br />1. Ascension, going up; mounting. (f)<br />2. Ascent, acclivity, rise (cantidad, precio). (f)<br />3. Attack of a disease. (f)<br />4. Enhancement, rise, augmentation of value or price; amelioration of things. (f)<br />• En la subida había muchas flores -> there were a lot of flowers on the way up<br />article &amp; past participle<br />1. Past participle of SUBIR.<br />2. Raised on high, mounted.<br />3. Strong, having a deep tinge of color: strong-scented.<br />4. Finest, most excellent.<br /><br /><br /><br />Tackle<br />[ˈtækəl]<br />sustantivo<br />1. equipo (m) (equipment)<br />• (fishing) tackle -> aparejos mpl de pesca<br />2. entrada (f) (challenge) (in soccer); placaje (m) (in rugby, American football)tackle (m) (Am)<br />verbo transitivo<br />3. abordar (deal with)<br />• to tackle somebody about something -> abordar a alguien para tratar algo (confront)<br />4. entrar a (in soccer); hacer un placaje a (in rugby, American football), tacklear (Am)<br /><br />tackle [ta-kel]<br />1. Agarrar, asir, forcejear.<br />2. En el juego de football, salir al encuentro de un adversario y procurar impedir que corra.<br />sustantivo<br />3. Aparejo, artificio para levantar o mover algo, combinación de cuerdas, poleas, ganchos, etc.; jarcia.<br />4. Todo género de instrumentos, aparejos, aperos, o avíos.<br />• Fishing-tackle -> enseres, avíos de pescar<br />5. Acción de agarrar, o de impedir que otro corra.<br />• Main-tackle -> aparejo real<br />• Fore-tackle -> aparejo del trinquete<br />• Stay-tackle -> aparejo de amurar<br />• Tackle-fall -> tira de aparejo<br />• Tackle-hooks -> ganchos de aparejos<br />Tender<br />[ten-dar]<br />sustantivo<br />1. Oferta (offer), ofrecimiento, propuesta que se hace sobre cualquier asunto.<br />2. Oferta formal de pago; moneda que se ofrece en pago; también sumisión, oferta formal de hacer cierto trabajo por una suma especificada. (Foro; Forense)<br /><br />Turnover<br />sustantivo<br />1. volumen (m) de negocio, facturación (f) (comercio)<br /><br />Unveil<br />[ʌnˈveɪl]<br />verbo transitivo<br />1. descubrir (statue, plaque); revelar, desvelar (sentido figurado) (product, plan)<br /><br /><br />Withstand<br />(pt &amp; pp withstood [wɪðˈstʊd])<br />[wɪðˈstænd]<br />verbo transitivo<br />1. soportar, aguantar<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-5898289700456235208?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-38540261063793028802009-05-09T21:56:00.001+02:002009-05-08T09:01:47.968+02:00<span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">The average native speaker of any language uses around a tenth of his vocabulary in everyday speech. In other words, around 1200 to 2000.<br /><br /><br />Source: <a href="http://englishenglish.com/english_facts_13.htm">EnglishEnglish.com</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-3854026106379302880?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-37643200272448303662009-05-08T11:01:00.000+02:002009-05-08T11:04:44.566+02:00swine |swīn|<br />noun ( pl. same)<br />1 a pig.<br />2 ( pl. same or swines) informal a person regarded by the speaker with contempt and disgust : what an arrogant, unfeeling swine!<br />DERIVATIVES<br />swinish adjective<br />swinishly adverb<br />swinishness noun<br />ORIGIN Old English swīn, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch zwijn and German Schwein, also to sow 2 .<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-3764320027244830366?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-5717037491119571082009-05-07T16:20:00.003+02:002009-05-07T16:24:04.914+02:00<h1><span class="summary">Language Intercambio (english-spanish) + Aphrodisiac night!</span></h1><br /><br />Tonight, Thursday May 7th, join the group for more information:<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><span style="font-size:180%;"><a href="http://www.meetup.com/The-Barcelona-Social-Club/calendar/10263769/?a=nr1p_grp">Barcelona Social Club @ Meetup.com </a></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-571703749111957108?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-55123783071101680152009-05-06T21:05:00.001+02:002009-05-05T15:09:10.554+02:00NB: The answers are in <span style="font-style: italic;">italics </span><br /><br />I thought this time things were going to be better. Losing the contract was ........ to swallow.<br />a. bottom line<br />b. blue collar<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">c. a bitter pill </span><br />d. back to the drawing board.<br />e. blow-by-blow<br /><br />We've lost the contract thanks to your incompetence. You really ........ , didn't you?<br />a. back to the drawing board.<br />b. bottlenecks<br />c. bottom line<br />d. blue collar<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. blew it </span><br /><br />I'd be better off stopping my legal job and doing jobs for cash. The ........ is the only way to make money these days.<br />a. blow-by-blow<br />b. back to the drawing board.<br />c. bottlenecks<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d. black economy </span><br />e. bottom line<br /><br />The product didn't work in the States. As they say there, it really ........ .<br />a. back to the drawing board.<br />b. bottlenecks<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">c. bombed</span><br />d. blow-by-blow<br />e. bottom line<br /><br />However, the same product sold really well in England. As they say there, it ........ .<br />a. back to the drawing board.<br />b. bottlenecks<br />c. bottom line<br />d. blue collar<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. went like a bomb </span><br /><br />He used to work on the factory floor. Yes, he really started out as a ........ worker.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. blue collar </span><br />b. back to the drawing board.<br />c. bottlenecks<br />d. bottom line<br />e. blow-by-blow<br /><br />There are many reasons why this should be a success. However, the ........ is that it has been a big flop.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. bottom line </span><br />b. back to the drawing board.<br />c. bottlenecks<br />d. blow-by-blow<br />e. a bitter pill<br /><br />Production has been unable to keep pace with demand. We are doing our best to eliminate the ........ .<br />a. blow-by-blow<br />b. back to the drawing board.<br />c. blew it<br />d. a bitter pill<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. bottlenecks </span><br /><br />We'll have to start again on this one -it's time to go ........ .<br />a. blow-by-blow<br />b. blew it<br />c. black economy<br />d. bombed<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. back to the drawing board. </span><br /><br /><br />Don't leave out any details. I want a full ........ account of what happened in the meeting.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. blow-by-blow </span><br />b. blew it<br />c. black economy<br />d. bombed<br />e. went like a bomb<br /><br />At the start of the meeting everybody was very quiet and reserved but he told a few jokes to ........<br />a. across the board<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b. break the ice </span><br />c. broke the news<br />d. back to the drawing board<br />e. take on board<br /><br />He's not very quick on the uptake. it takes him quite a while to ........ new ideas.<br />a. on to a good thing<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b. take on board </span><br />c. bullish<br />d. breathing down<br />e. brief<br /><br />We're going to have to reduce budgets in every single department. There will be ........ cuts.<br />a. back to the drawing board<br />b. brief<br />c. on to a good thing<br />d. brainstorm<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. across the board </span><br /><br />My boss never gives me any freedom. She's always ........ my neck.<br />a. broke the news<br />b. brief<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">c. breathing down </span><br />d. back to the drawing board<br />e. bullish<br /><br />We need a name for our new brand. The best thing is to get a few people together and try to ........ a name.<br />a. brief<br />b. on to a good thing<br />c. broke the news<br />d. bullish<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. brainstorm </span><br /><br />I'm very happy with our sales prospects for the next year. I'm feeling really ........ .<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. bullish </span><br />b. back to the drawing board<br />c. broke the news<br />d. on to a good thing<br />e. brief<br /><br />We would have liked to have looked at that but that wasn't part of the ........ you set us.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. brief </span><br />b. on to a good thing<br />c. back to the drawing board<br />d. breathing down<br />e. broke the news<br /><br />I've heard all about it. Sally ........ to me.<br />a. brainstorm<br />b. on to a good thing<br />c. back to the drawing board<br />d. breathing down<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. broke the news </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />I'm well aware that this is potentially a good new product and that we are probably ........ with it<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. on to a good thing </span><br />b. back to the drawing board<br />c. brainstorm<br />d. breathing down<br />e. across the board<br /><br />I guess this market study shows that nobody wants to buy our product. It's ........ for us.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. back to the drawing board </span><br />b. brainstorm<br />c. breathing down<br />d. across the board<br />e. take on board<br /><br />I reckon we owe you about the same as you owe us. Why don't we just ........ ?<br />a. call his bluff<br />b. called it a day<br />c. calls the shots<br />d. chicken<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. call it quits</span><br /><br />We've been working on this for fourteen hours now. Isn't it time we ........ ?<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. called it a day </span><br />b. call it quits<br />c. calls the shots<br />d. chicken<br />e. call his bluff<br /><br />Let's face it, he decides. He's the boss so he's the one that ........ .<br />a. called it a day<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b. calls the shots </span><br />c. call it quits<br />d. chicken<br />e. call his bluff<br /><br />He says he will go elsewhere if we don't lower our price but I don't think he will. I think we should ........ .<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a. call his bluff </span><br />b. call it quits<br />c. called it a day<br />d. calls the shots<br />e. chicken<br /><br />I'm sure that there is a lot of corruption in that country. If we order an internal audit we may be opening ........ .<br />a. carry the can<br />b. chicken<br />c. can't win<br />d. chicken and egg<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. a can of worms </span><br /><br />Someone is going to have to take responsibility for this disaster. Who is going to ........ .<br />a. can't win<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b. carry the can </span><br />c. chicken<br />d. a can of worms<br />e. chicken and egg<br /><br />Whatever we do, we are going to come out badly. It's a ........ situation.<br />a. a can of worms<br />b. carry the can<br />c. chicken<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d. can't win </span><br />e. chicken and egg<br /><br /><br /><br />She always like to think things through very carefully. She likes to ........ .<br />a. chicken and egg<br />b. chicken<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">c. chew things over </span><br />d. call his bluff<br />e. call it quits<br /><br />We need a loan to start the company and we need a company to get the loan. It's a ........ situation.<br />a. calls the shots<br />b. chew things over<br />c. chicken<br />d. call his bluff<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">e. chicken and egg </span><br /><br />We wanted to expand into Asia but we were a bit frightened. We were soon sorry for being so ........ .<br />a. chicken and egg<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b. chicken </span><br />c. calls the shots<br />d. chew things over<br />e. call it quits<br /><br />1. I imagine their company jet was very expensive indeed. It probably ________ .<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a) cost the earth</span><br />b) clear the decks<br />c) cut it fine<br />d) cut-throat<br /><br />2. Our Silicone Valley site is right at the ________ of the new technology.<br />a) cut our losses<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b) cutting edge</span><br />c) cut it fine<br />d) cut-throat<br /><br />3. There's lots of unfair competition in our sector from ________ outfits which don't respect the law.<br />a) crocodile tears<br />b) crashed<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">c) cowboy</span><br />d) cough up<br /><br /><br />4. We did badly in the Japanese market so eventually we decided to ________ and stop.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a) cut our losses</span><br />b) cough up<br />c) clear the decks<br />d) cut-throat<br /><br />5. We had to threaten them with legal action before they agreed to ________ the money they owed us.<br />a) crocodile tears<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b) cough up</span><br />c) cut our losses<br />d) clear the decks<br /><br />6. We'll have to drop everything else. We'll have to ________ and concentrate on this.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a) clear the decks</span><br />b) crashed<br />c) cut it fine<br />d) cut-throat<br /><br />7. Competition is really fierce. In fact, it's ________ .<br />a) crocodile tears<br />b) crashed<br />c) cut it fine<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d) cut-throat</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />8. Bids had to be in by 6.00 and we put ours in ten minutes before the deadline. We really ________ .<br />a) crocodile tears<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b) cut it fine</span><br />c) cut our losses<br />d) crashed<br /><br />9. We can't access the computer files. The system ________ this morning and we cannot fix it.<br />a) crocodile tears<br />b) cutting edge<br />c) cut our losses<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d) crashed </span><br /><br />10. He said he was sorry about letting me go but I'm sure they were only ________ he was shedding.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a) crocodile tears</span><br />b) cutting edge<br />c) cut our losses<br />d) cost the earth<br /><br />1. I've got to learn English fast. I need a real ________ to get me up to speed quickly.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a) crash course</span><br />b) closing a deal<br />c) coining it in<br />d) chew this over<br /><br />2. The genuine results for the year were pretty bad but thanks to ________ we made them look OK!<br />a) copped out<br />b) cog in the machine<br />c) keep a cool head<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d) creative accounting</span><br /><br />3. You did it too fast. You always make mistakes when you try to ________ .<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a) cut corners</span><br />b) closing a deal<br />c) coining it in<br />d) chew this over<br /><br /><br />4. I'm sure a lot of our future income is going to come from the Internet and other ________ activities.<br />a) copped out<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b) cyberspace</span><br />c) keep a cool head<br />d) chew this over<br /><br />5. I'm not an important person in this company. I'm just a lowly ________ .<br />a) keep a cool head<br />b) closing a deal<br />c) coining it in<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d) cog in the machine</span><br /><br />6. Their products are really selling well. They must be ________ .<br />a) copped out<br />b) closing a deal<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">c) raking it in</span><br />d) chew this over<br /><br />7. Stop getting so angry. You really need to ________ and control your temper.<br />a) closing a deal<br />b) chew this over<br />c) copped out<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d) keep a cool head</span><br /><br />8. I cannot decide straight away. I'll need to ________ with my colleagues .<br />a) cog in the machine<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b) chew this over</span><br />c) copped out<br />d) closing a deal<br /><br /><br />9. He isn't a very good salesman. He has a lot of problems when it comes to ________ .<br />a) cog in the machine<br />b) copped out<br />c) cyberspace<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">d) closing a deal</span><br /><br />10. She didn't even try to raise the matter at the meeting. She just ________ completely.<br />a) crash course<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">b) copped out </span><br />c) cut corners<br />d) creative accounting<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-5512378307110168015?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-83069609711331071382009-05-05T09:23:00.000+02:002009-05-04T09:37:39.228+02:001 R.S.V.P.<br /> as soon as possible<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">please reply </span><br /> per week<br /> value added tax<br /> paid<br /><br />2 qty<br /> as soon as possible<br /> please reply<br /> please<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">quantity </span><br /> paid<br /><br />3 thx<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">thanks </span><br /> please reply<br /> please<br /> quantity<br /> with reference to<br /><br />4 E.T.A.<br /> thanks<br /> for the attention of<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">estimated time of arrival </span><br /> quantity<br /> with reference to<br /><br />5 pls cfm<br /> thanks<br /> for the attention of<br /> estimated time of arrival<br /> number<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">please confirm </span><br /><br />6 @<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">at </span><br /> for the attention of<br /> estimated time of arrival<br /> number<br /> please confirm<br /><br />7 a/c<br /> at<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">account </span><br /> estimated time of arrival<br /> number<br /> please confirm<br /><br />8 A.G.M.<br /> at<br /> account<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">annual general meeting </span><br /> number<br /> please confirm<br /><br />9 A.O.B.<br /> at<br /> account<br /> annual general meeting<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">any other business </span><br /> please confirm<br /><br />10 attn<br /> thanks<br /> for the attention of<br /> please<br /> quantity<br /> with reference to<br /><br />11 I.P.O.<br /> copies to<br /> Chief Executive Officer<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">initial public offer </span><br /> any other business<br /> approximately<br /><br />12 ASAP<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">as soon as possible </span><br /> please turn over<br /> per week<br /> value added tax<br /> paid<br /><br />13 re<br /> as soon as possible<br /> please reply<br /> please<br /> quantity<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">with reference to </span><br /><br />14 C.O.D.<br /> copies to<br /> Chief Executive Officer<br /> initial purchase offer<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">cash on delivery </span><br /> approximately<br /><br />15 approx<br /> at<br /> account<br /> annual general meeting<br /> any other business<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">approximately </span><br /><br />16 E.G.M.<br /> copies to<br /> Chief Executive Officer<br /> initial purchase offer<br /> cash on delivery<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">extraordinary general meeting </span><br /><br />17 G.D.P.<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">gross domestic product </span><br /> Chief Executive Officer<br /> initial purchase offer<br /> cash on delivery<br /> extraordinary general meeting<br /><br />18 G.N.P.<br /> gross domestic product<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">gross national product </span><br /> initial purchase offer<br /> cash on delivery<br /> extraordinary general meeting<br /><br />19 pls<br /> as soon as possible<br /> please reply<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">please </span><br /> value added tax<br /> paid<br /><br />20 no.<br /> thanks<br /> for the attention of<br /> estimated time of arrival<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">number </span><br /> with reference to<br /><br />21 lb<br /> public limited company<br /> gross national product<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">pound (weight) </span><br /> incorporated<br /> limited company<br /><br />22 C.E.O.<br /> copies to<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">Chief Executive Officer </span><br /> annual general meeting<br /> any other business<br /> approximately<br /><br />23 I.O.U.<br /> public limited company<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">I owe you </span><br /> pound (weight)<br /> incorporated<br /> limited company<br /><br />24 Jr.<br /> public limited company<br /> I owe you<br /> pound (weight)<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">junior </span><br /> limited company<br /><br />25 mo.<br /> public limited company<br /> I owe you<br /> pound (weight)<br /> junior<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">month </span><br /><br /><br />26 mth<br /> public limited company<br /> I owe you<br /> pound (weight)<br /> junior<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">month </span><br /><br />27 Inc.<br /> gross domestic product<br /> gross national product<br /> hire purchase<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">incorporated </span><br /> extraordinary general meeting<br /><br />28 H.P.<br /> gross domestic product<br /> gross national product<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">hire purchase </span><br /> cash on delivery<br /> extraordinary general meeting<br /><br />29 VAT<br /> public relations<br /> please turn over<br /> per week<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">value added tax </span><br /> paid<br /><br />30 N/A<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">not applicable </span><br /> I owe you<br /> pound (weight)<br /> junior<br /> month<br /><br />31 p.w.<br /> public relations<br /> please turn over<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">per week </span><br /> per annum<br /> paid<br /><br />32 Nb<br /> not applicable<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">pay attention to this </span><br /> pound (weight)<br /> junior<br /> month<br /><br />33 plc<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">public limited company </span><br /> gross national product<br /> hire purchase<br /> incorporated<br /> limited company<br /><br />34 PA<br /> not applicable<br /> pay attention to this<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">personal assistant </span><br /> junior<br /> month<br /><br />35 p.a.<br /> not applicable<br /> pay attention to this<br /> personal assistant<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">per annum </span><br /> month<br /><br />36 Ltd.<br /> gross domestic product<br /> gross national product<br /> hire purchase<br /> incorporated<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">limited company </span><br /><br />37 pd.<br /> not applicable<br /> pay attention to this<br /> personal assistant<br /> per annum<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">paid </span><br /><br />38 PR<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">public relations </span><br /> pay attention to this<br /> personal assistant<br /> per annum<br /> paid<br /><br />39 cc<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">(carbon) copies to </span><br /> account<br /> annual general meeting<br /> any other business<br /> approximately<br /><br />40 PTO<br /> public relations<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">please turn over </span><br /> personal assistant<br /> per annum<br /> paid<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-8306960971133107138?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-1584954840264120712009-05-04T15:50:00.000+02:002009-05-04T09:34:51.881+02:00Here are 100 commonly-used verbs you should know and be able to use if you work in an English-speaking business environment.<br />accept<br />add<br />admit<br />advertise<br />advise<br />afford<br />approve<br />authorize<br />avoid<br />borrow<br />break<br />build<br />buy<br />calculate<br />call<br />cancel<br />change<br />charge for<br />check<br />choose complain<br />complete<br />confirm<br />consider<br />convince<br />count<br />decide<br />decrease<br />deliver<br />develop<br />dismiss<br />dispatch<br />distribute<br />divide<br />drop<br />employ<br />encourage<br />establish<br />estimate<br />exchange extend<br />fall<br />fix<br />fund<br />get worse<br />improve<br />increase<br />inform<br />install<br />invest<br />invoice<br />join<br />lend<br />lengthen<br />lower<br />maintain<br />manage<br />measure<br />mention<br />obtain order<br />organize<br />owe<br />own<br />pack<br />participate<br />pay<br />plan<br />present<br />prevent<br />process<br />produce<br />promise<br />promote<br />provide<br />purchase<br />raise<br />reach<br />receive<br />recruit reduce<br />refuse<br />reject<br />remind<br />remove<br />reply<br />resign<br />respond<br />return<br />rise<br />sell<br />send<br />separate<br />shorten<br />split<br />structure<br />succeed<br />suggest<br />write<br />vary<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-158495484026412071?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-74781302975984753322009-05-03T15:18:00.000+02:002009-05-04T09:35:22.816+02:00100 commonly-used nouns you should know and be able to use if you work in an English-speaking business environment.<br />advantage<br />advertisement<br />advice<br />agenda<br />apology<br />authorization<br />bill<br />brand<br />budget<br />change<br />commission<br />comparison<br />competition<br />competitor<br />confirmation<br />costs<br />creditor<br />customer<br />deadline<br />debt debtor<br />decision<br />decrease<br />deficit<br />delivery<br />department<br />description<br />difference<br />disadvantage distribution<br />employee<br />employer<br />enquiry<br />environment equipment<br />estimate<br />experience<br />explanation<br />facilities<br />factory fall<br />feedback<br />goal<br />goods<br />growth<br />guarantee<br />improvement<br />increase<br />industry<br />instructions<br />interest<br />inventory<br />invoice<br />knowledge<br />limit<br />loss<br />margin<br />market<br />message<br />mistake objective<br />offer<br />opinion<br />option<br />order<br />output<br />payment<br />penalty<br />permission<br />possibility<br />preparation price<br />product<br />production<br />profit<br />promotion<br />purchase<br />reduction<br />refund<br />reminder repairs<br />report<br />responsibility<br />result<br />retailer<br />rise<br />risk<br />salary<br />sales<br />schedule<br />share<br />signature<br />stock<br />success<br />suggestion<br />supply<br />support<br />target<br />transport<br />turnover<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-7478130297598475332?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-61737360381757442662009-05-02T09:32:00.000+02:002009-05-04T09:35:59.526+02:001. Where goods are produced.<br /> a) Head Office<br /> b) the Accounts department<br /> c) the canteen<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">d) the factory</span><br /><br />2. Where finished goods are kept.<br /> a) Head Office<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">b) the warehouse</span><br /> c) the canteen<br /> d) the factory<br /><br />3. Where the workers have lunch.<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">a) the canteen</span><br /> b) Head Office<br /> c) the Accounts department<br /> d) the factory<br /><br />4. Where the directors meet.<br /> a) the Accounts department<br /> b) the warehouse<br /> c) the canteen<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">d) the boardroom</span><br /><br />5. Where the accountants work.<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">a) the Accounts department</span><br /> b) the warehouse<br /> c) the boardroom<br /> d) the factory<br /><br />6. Where the computer people work.<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">a) Data Processing</span><br /> b) the warehouse<br /> c) the boardroom<br /> d) the factory<br /><br />7. Where the sales people 'work'.<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">a) any expensive restaurant</span><br /> b) the warehouse<br /> c) the boardroom<br /> d) the factory<br /><br />8. Where 'they' know nothing.<br /> a) the warehouse<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">b) head office</span><br /> c) the canteen<br /> d) the factory<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-6173736038175744266?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-50675209228092374222009-05-01T09:31:00.000+02:002009-05-04T09:36:20.592+02:00What word goes best with these verbs?<br /><br />1. book<br /> a) a factory<br /> b) a deal<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">c) a room</span><br /> d) a business<br /><br />2. set up<br /> a) a room<br /> b) a customer<br /> c) a book<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">d) a meeting</span><br /><br />3. make<br /> a) competition<br /> b) a book<br /> c) a room<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">d) a deal</span><br /><br />4. open<br /> a) a market<br /> b) a competitor<br /> c) a manager<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">d) a new branch</span><br /><br />5. break into<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">a) a market</span><br /> b) a competition<br /> c) a deal<br /> d) a TV show<br /><br />6. face<br /> a) a room<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">b) competition</span><br /> c) a factory<br /> d) love<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-5067520922809237422?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-3218624636578027832009-04-29T21:42:00.004+02:002009-05-04T10:53:11.159+02:00<span style="font-weight: bold;">abstract noun</span> a noun used to describe a quality, idea, or experience rather than something physical or concrete: EG joy, size, language. Compare with concrete noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">active voice</span> verb groups such as 'gives', and 'has made', where the subject is the person or thing doing the action or responsible for the action. Compare passive voice.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE</span> another name for relative clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adjective</span> a word used to tell you more about a thing, such as its appearance, colour, size, or other qualities; EG ...a pretty blue dress.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adjunct</span> a word or combination of words added to a clause to give more information about time, place, or manner. See also sentence adjunct and linking adjunct.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb</span> a word that gives more information about when, how, where, or in what circumstances something happens. EG quickly, now. There are several different kinds of adverb: adverbs of degree, manner, place, time, duration, and frequency. There are also focusing adverbs.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverbial group</span> a group of words which does the same job as an adverb, thus giving more information about when, how, where, or in what circumstances something happens; EG in the street, again and again.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb of degree</span> an adverb indicating the amount or extent of a feeling or quality: EG extremely.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb of duration</span> an adverb which indicates how long something lasts; EG briefly.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb of frequency </span>an adverb indicating how often something happens; EG often.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb of manner </span>an adverb indicating the way in which something happens or is done; EG carefully.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb of place </span>an adverb which gives more information about portion or direction: EG Move closer.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb of time </span>an adverb which gives more information about when something happens; EG I saw her yesterday.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">adverb particle </span>an adverb used as part of a phrasal verb; EG hide out, sit up, turn round.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">AFFIRMATIVE</span> another name for positive.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">AFFIX</span> a letter or group of letters that is added to the beginning or end of a word to make a<br />different word; EG anti-communist, harmless. See also suffix and prefix.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">agent</span> the person who performs an action.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">agreement</span> another name for concord.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">apostrophe s </span>an ending ('s) added to a noun to mark possession; EG ...Harrlet's daughter... the professor's husband... the Managing Director's secretary.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">apposition</span> the placing of a noun group after a headword in order to identify it or give more<br />information about it; EG ...my daughter Emily.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">article</span> see definite article, indefinite article.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ASPECT</span> the use of verb forms to show whether an action is continuing, repeated, or finished.<br />attributive used to describe adjectives that are normally only used in front of a noun: EG classical, outdoor, woollen.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">auxiliary verb </span>one of the verbs 'be', 'have', and 'do' when they are used with a main verb to form tenses, negatives, questions, and so on. Also called auxiliary. Modals are also auxiliary verbs.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">bare infinitive</span> the infinitive of a verb without 'to'; EG Let me think.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">base form </span>the form of a verb which has no letters added to the end and is not a past form; EG walk, go, have, be. The base form is the form you look up in a dictionary.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">broad negative adverb </span>one of a small group of words including 'barely' and 'seldom' which are used to make a statement almost negative; EG I barely knew her.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">cardinal number </span>a number used for counting; EG one, seven, nineteen.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">CASE</span> the use of different forms of nouns or pronouns in order to show whether they are the subject or object of a clause, or whether they are possessive: EG I/me, Jim/Jim's.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">classifying adjective </span>an adjective used to identify something as being of a particular type; EG Indian, wooden, mental. They do not have comparatives or superlatives. Compare with qualitative adjective.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">clause</span> a group of words containing a verb. See also main clause and subordinate clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">clause of manner </span>a subordinate clause which describes the way in which something is done, usually introduced with 'as' or 'like'; EG She talks like her mother used to.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">cleft sentence</span> a sentence in which emphasis is given to either the subject or the object by<br />using a structure beginning with 'it', 'what', or 'all'; EG It's a hammer we need... What we<br />need is a hammer.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">collective noun</span> a noun that refers to a group of people or things; EG committee, team.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">colour adjective </span>an adjective referring to a colour; EG red, blue, scarlet.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">common noun</span> a noun used to refer to a person, thing, or substance. EG sailor, computer, glass. Compare with proper noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">comparative</span> an adjective or adverb with '-er' on the end or 'more' in front of it; EG friendlier, more important, more carefully.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">complement </span>a noun group or adjective which comes after a link verb such as 'be', and gives more information about the subject or object of the clause; EG She is a teacher... She is tired... They made her chairperson.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">complex sentence</span> a sentence consisting of a main clause and a subordinate clause; EG She wasn't thinking because she was tired.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">compound </span>a combination of two or more words functioning as a unit. For example, 'self-centred' and 'free-style' are compound adjectives, 'bus stop' and 'state of affairs' are compound nouns, and 'dry-clean' and 'roller-skate' are compound verbs.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">compound sentence</span> a sentence consisting of two or more main clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction; EG They picked her up and took her into the house.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">concessive clause </span>a subordinate clause, usually introduced by 'although' or 'while', which contrasts with a main clause; EG Although I like her, I find her hard to talk to.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">concord</span> the relationship between a subject and its verb, or between a number or determiner and its noun; EG I look/she looks... one bell/three bells. Also called agreement.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">concrete noun</span> a noun which refers to something we can touch or see; EG table, dress, flower. Compare with abstract noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">conditional clause </span>a subordinate clause usually starting with 'if'. The event described in the main clause depends on the condition described in the subordinate clause; EG If it rains, we'll go to the cinema... They would be rich if they had taken my advice.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">conjunction</span> a word linking together two clauses, groups, or words. There are two kinds of conjunction—coordinating conjunctions, which link parts of a sentence of the same grammatical type (and, but, or), and subordinating conjunctions, which begin subordinate clauses (although, when).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">continuous tense </span>a tense which contains a form of the verb 'be' and a present participle; EG She was laughing... They had been playing badminton. Also called progressive tense. contraction a shortened form in which an auxiliary verb and 'not', or a subject and an auxiliary verb, are joined together and function as one word; EG aren't, she's.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">coordinating conjunction</span> a word such as 'and', 'but', or 'or' which joins together two clauses, groups, of words of the same grammatical type.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">coordination</span> the linking of groups of words of the same grammatical type, or the linking of clauses of equal importance.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">copula</span> a name sometimes used to refer to the verb 'be'. In this grammar, the term link verb is used.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">countable noun </span>a noun which can be singular or plural. EG dog/dogs, lemon/lemons, foot/feet. Also called <span style="font-style: italic;">count noun.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">declarative mood </span>a clause in the declarative mood has the subject followed by the verb. Most statements are made in the declarative mood. Also called indicative mood.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">DEFECTIVE VERB</span> a verb which does not have all the inflected forms that regular verbs have; for example, all modals are defective verbs.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">defining non-finite clause</span> a participle clause which is placed after a noun group to identify the person or thing you are talking about; EG The girl wearing the red hat.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">defining relative clause </span>a relative clause which identifies the person or thing that is being talked about. EG I wrote down everything that she said.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">definite article </span>the determiner 'the'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">delexical verb</span> a verb which has very little meaning in itself and is used with an object that carries the main meaning of the structure. 'Give', 'have', and 'take' are commonly used as delexical verbs; EG She gave a small cry... I've had a bath.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">demonstrative </span>one of the words 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' used in front of a noun; EG ...this woman... that tree. They are also used as pronouns; EG That looks nice... This is fun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">DEPENDENT CLAUSE </span>another name for subordinate clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">determiner</span> one of a group of words including 'the', 'a', 'some', and 'my' which are used at the beginning of a noun group.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">direct object </span>a noun group referring to a person or thing affected by an action, in a sentence with an active verb; EG She wrote her name... I shut the windows.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">direct speech </span>speech reported in the words actually spoken by someone, without any changes in tense, person, and so on.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">DISJUNCT</span> another name for sentence adjunct.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ditransitive verb</span> a verb such as 'give', 'take', or 'sell' which can have both an indirect and a direct object; EG She gave me a kiss.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">dynamic verb </span>a verb such as 'run', 'give' or 'slice' which describes an action. Compare with stative verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'-ED' FORM</span> another name for past participle.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ellipsis</span> the leaving out of words when they are obvious from the context.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">emphasizing adjective</span> an adjective such as 'complete', 'utter' or 'total' which stresses how strongly you feel about something; EG I feel a complete fool.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ergative verb</span> a verb which can be either transitive or intransitive in the same meaning. To use the verb intransitively, you use the object of the transitive verb as the subject of the transitive verb as the subject of the intransitive verb; EG He had boiled a kettle... The kettle had boiled.<br />exclamation a word or sentence spoken suddenly and loudly in order to express surprise, anger, and so on; EG Oh God!<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">finite</span> a finite verb is inflected according to person, tense, or mood rather than being an infinitive or a participle.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">first person</span> see person.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">focusing adverb </span>a sentence adjunct which indicates the most relevant thing involved; EG only, mainly, especially fronting a structure with a topic at the beginning of a clause which is not the subject of the clause; EG Lovely hair she had.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">GENDER</span> a grammatical term referring to the difference between masculine and feminine words such as 'he' and 'she'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">GENITIVE</span> the possessive form of a noun; EG man's, mens'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">GERUND</span> another name for '-ing' noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">gradable</span> a gradable adjective can be used with a word such as 'very' to say that the person or thing referred to has more or less of a quality; EG very boring, less helpful.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">GROUP NOUN </span>another name for collective noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">HEAD</span> another name for headword.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">headword</span> the main word of a noun group: EG ...a soft downy cushion with tassels<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">idiom</span> a group of two or more words with a meaning that cannot be understood by taking the meaning of each individual word; EG to kick the bucket, to run wild.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">if-clause</span> a conditional clause; or a clause used to report a 'yes/no'-question.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">imperative</span> a clause in the imperative mood has the base form of the verb without a subject. EG Come here... Take two tablets every four hours... Enjoy yourself.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">impersonal 'it' </span>'it' is an impersonal subject when it is used to introduce a fact, or when it is used in a cleft structure, EG It's raining... It was you who asked.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">indefinite article </span>the determiners 'a' and 'an'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">indefinite place adverb</span> a group of adverbs including 'anywhere' and 'somewhere' used to indicate position or location in a general or vague way.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">indefinite pronoun</span> a group of pronouns including 'someone' and 'anything' used to refer to a person or thing in a general way<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">INDICATIVE MOOD </span>another name for declarative mood.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">indirect object </span>a second object used with a transitive verb to indicate who or what benefits from an action, or gets something as a result of it: EG She gave me a rose<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">INDIRECT QUESTION</span> another name for reported question.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">INDIRECT SPEECH </span>another name for reported speech.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">infinitive</span> the base form of a verb. It is often used with 'to' in front of it. EG (to) take, (to) see, (to) bring.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">inflection</span> the variation in the form of a word to show differences in tense, number, case and degree.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'-ing'</span> adjective an adjective which has the same form as the present participle of a verb; EG ...a smiling face ...a winning streak.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'-ing' form </span>see present participle.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'-ing' noun </span>a noun which has the same form as the present participle of a verb; EG Swimming is good for you.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">INTENSIFIER </span>a submodifier which is used to reinforce an adjective and make it more emphatic; EG very, exceptionally.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">INTERJECTION</span> another name for exclamation.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">interrogative adverb </span>one of the adverbs 'how', 'when', 'where', and 'why' when they are used to ask questions.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">interrogative mood </span>a clause in the interrogative mood has part or all of the verb group in front of the subject. Most questions are asked in the interrogative mood.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">interrogative pronoun</span> one of the pronouns 'who', 'whose', 'whom', 'what', and 'which' when they are used to ask questions.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">intransitive verb</span> a verb which is used to talk about an action or event that only involves the subject and so does not have an object; EG she arrived... I was yawning.<br />inversion changing the word order in a sentence, especially changing the order of the subject and the verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">irregular</span> not following the normal rules for inflection. A irregular verb has a past form and/or past participle which is formed in a different way from the regular '-ed' ending.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">LEXICAL VERB</span> another name for main verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">linking adjunct </span>a sentence adjunct used to introduce a comment or reinforce what is said; EG moreover, besides.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">link verb </span>a verb which links the subject and complement of a clause: EG be, become, seem, appear. Also sometimes called copula.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">main clause</span> a clause which is not dependent on, or is not part of, another clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">main verb </span>all verbs which are not auxiliaries. Also called lexical verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">mass noun</span> (in this grammar), a noun which is usually an uncount noun, but which can be used as a count noun when it refers to quantities or types of something: EG ...two sugars... ...cough medicines.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">modal</span> an auxiliary verb which is used with a main verb to indicate a particular attitude, such as possibility, obligation, prediction, of deduction: EG can, could, may, might. Also called modal auxiliary or modal verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">modifier</span> a word or group of words which come in front of a noun: EG ...a beautiful sunny day... ...a psychology conference.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">mood</span> there are three main moods in English: the declarative mood, the interrogative mood, and the imperative mood. There is also a less common mood, the subjunctive mood. See the individual entries for declarative mood, interrogative mood, imperative, and subjunctive.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">negative sentence</span> a sentence which uses a word like 'not', 'never', or 'no-one' to indicate the absence or opposite of something, or to say that something is not the case: EG I don't know you... I'll never forget. The opposite is positive sentence.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">negative word </span>a word such as 'never' and 'not' which expresses a negative meaning.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">NOMINAL GROUP</span> another name for noun group.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">non-defining relative clause</span> a relative clause which gives more information about someone or something, but which is not needed to identify them: EG That's Mary, who was at university with me. Compare with defining relative clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">non-finite</span> the non-finite forms of a verb are the infinitive and participle forms: EG to take, taking, taken.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">noun</span> a word which refers to people, things, and abstract ideas such as feelings and qualities; EG woman, Harry, guilt.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">noun group</span> a group of words which acts as the subject, complement, or object of a clause, or as the object of a preposition. also called nominal group or noun phrase.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">noun modifier</span> a noun used in front of another noun, as if it were an adjective: EG ...a car door... ...a steel works.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">number</span> the way in which differences between singular and plural are shown; EG flower/ flowers, that/those. See also cardinal number and ordinal number.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">object</span> a noun group which refers to a person or thing, other than the subject, which is involved in or affected by the action of a verb. See also direct object and indirect object. Prepositions are also followed by objects.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">object complement </span>a word which is used to describe the object of a clause and which occurs with verbs such as 'make' and 'find'; EG It made me tired... I found her asleep.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ordinal number </span>a number that is used to indicate where something comes in an order or sequence; EG first, fifth, tenth, hundredth.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE</span> another name for '-ing' adjective.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">participle </span>a verb form used for making different tenses. See past participle and present participle for more details.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">partitive</span> a word which gives information about the amount of a particular thing; EG pint, loaf, portion.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">partitive structure </span>a structure in which quantifiers and partitives are linked to a noun group with 'of'; EG many of them, a bottle of milk.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">passive voice </span>verb forms such as 'was given', 'were taken', 'had been made', where the subject is the person or thing that is affected by the action. Compare with active voice.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">past form</span> the form of a verb, often ending in '-ed', which is used for the simple past tense.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">past participle </span>a verb form such as 'seen', 'broken', and 'given' which is used to form perfect lenses and passives, or in some cases an adjective. Also called the '-ed' form, especially when an adjective.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">past tense </span>a tense used to describe actions or events which took place in the past. See tense for more details.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">perfect tense </span>a tense formed with 'have' and a past participle; EG I have met him... We had won.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">performative verb </span>a verb which states explicitly what action the speaker is performing when he or she uses it; EG apologize, resign, christen.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">person</span> a term used to refer to the three classes of people who are involved in something that is said. They are the first person (the person speaking or writing), the second person (the person being addressed), and the third person (the people or things that are being talked about).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">personal pronoun</span> a group of pronouns such as 'I', 'you', and 'me', used to refer back to the people or things you are talking about.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">phase</span> a structure in which you use two verbs in a clause in order to talk about two processes or events that are closely linked. EG She <span style="font-style: italic;">helped to clean</span> the house... They <span style="font-style: italic;">remember buying</span> the tickets.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">phrasal verb</span> a combination of a verb and an adverb and/or a preposition, which have a single meaning; EG back down, hand over, look forward to.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">plural</span> the form used to refer to more than one person or thing; EG dogs, women.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">plural noun</span> a noun which is only used in the plural form; EG trousers, scissors, vermin.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">positive sentence</span> a sentence which does not contain a negative word.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">possessive</span> a structure used to show possession; EG your, Jerry's, mine.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">possessive determiner </span>a determiner such as 'my', 'your', and 'their’. They are also called possessive adjectives.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">possessive pronoun </span>one of the words 'mine', 'yours', 'hers', 'his', 'ours', and 'theirs'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">postdeterminer</span> a small group of adjectives used after a determiner and in front of other adjectives; EG certain, remaining.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">predeterminer</span> a word which comes in from of a determiner; EG ...all the boys... ...double the trouble... ...such a mess.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PREDICATE</span> what is said about the subject of a clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">predicative</span> used to describe adjectives that are normally only used after a link verb such as 'be'; EG alive, asleep, sure. Compare attributive.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">prefix</span> a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word in order to make a new word; EG semi- in semi-circular. Compare with suffix and affix.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PREMODIFIER </span>another name for modifier.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">preposition</span> a word such as 'by', 'with' or 'from', which is always followed by a noun group or an '-ing' form.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">prepositional phrase </span>a structure consisting of a preposition and its object; EG on the table, by the sea.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">present participle </span>a verb form ending in '-ing' which is used to form verb tenses, and as an adjective. Also called the '-ing' form.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">present tense</span> a tense used to describe events taking place in the present or situations which exist in the present.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">productive feature </span>a grammatical point which can be applied to an open class of words. See the introduction for more details.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PROGRESSIVE TENSE </span>another name for continuous tense.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">pronoun</span> a word used instead of a noon, when you do not want to name someone or something directly; EG it, you, none.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">proper noun </span>a noun which refers to a particular person, place, or institution; EG Nigel, Edinburgh, Christmas. Compare with common noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">purpose clause </span>a subordinate clause, usually introduced by 'in order to', or 'so that'; EG I came here in order to ask you out to dinner.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">qualifier</span> any word or group of words which comes after a headword and is part of the noun group; EG ...a book with a blue cover... ...the shop on the corner.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">qualitative adjective</span> an adjective which is used to indicate a quality, and which is gradable; EG funny, intelligent, small. Compare with classifying adjective.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">quantifier</span> a phrase ending in 'of' which allows you to refer to a quantity of something without being precise about the exact amount; EG some of, a lot of, a little bit of.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">question</span> a structure which typically has the verb in front of the subject and which is used to ask someone about something; EG Have you any money? Also called interrogative.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">question tag </span>a structure consisting of an auxiliary verb followed by a pronoun, which is used at the end of a <span style="font-style: italic;">tag question</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">quote structure </span>a structure which reports the exact words used by a speaker without any changes; EG She said 'I'll be late'. Compare with report structure.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reason clause </span>a subordinate clause, usually introduced by 'because', 'since', or 'as'; EG Since you're here, we'll start.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reciprocal pronoun </span>the pronoun 'each other' and 'one another', used to show that two people do or feel the same thing; EG They loved each other.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reciprocal verb</span> a verb which describes an action which involves two people doing the same thing to each other; EG They met in the street... He met her yesterday.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reflexive pronoun </span>a pronoun ending in '-self', such as 'myself' or 'themselves', which is used as the object of a verb when the person affected by an action is the same as the person doing it.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reflexive verb</span> a verb which is typically used with a reflexive pronoun; EG shave yourself; pride yourself on.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">relative clause </span>a subordinate clause which gives more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause. See also defining relative clause and non-defining relative clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">relative pronoun </span>a 'wh'-word such as 'who' or 'which', used to introduce a relative clause; EG ...the girl <span style="font-style: italic;">who</span> was carrying the bag.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reported clause </span>the part of a report structure which describes what someone has said; EG She said that I couldn't see her.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reported question </span>a question which is reported using a report structure rather than the exact words used by the speaker. Also called indirect question.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reported speech </span>speech which is reported using a report structure rather than the exact words used by the speaker. Also called indirect speech.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reporting clause </span>a clause which contains a reporting verb, which is used to introduce what someone has said; EG They asked if I could come.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">reporting verb </span>a verb which describes what people say or think; EG suggest, say, wonder.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">report structure </span>a structure which reports what someone has said by using a reported clause rather than repeating their exact words: EG She told me she'd be late. Compare quote structure.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">result clause </span>a subordinate clause introduced by 'so that' which gives the result of something; EG The house was severely damaged, so that it is now uninhabitable.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">rhetorical question</span> a question which you use in order to make a comment rather than to obtain information; EG Oh, isn't it silly?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">second person</span> see person.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">semi-modal</span> the verbs 'dare', 'need', and 'used to' which behave rather like modals.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">sentence</span> a group of words which express a statement, question, or command. A sentence usually has a verb and a subject, and may be a simple sentence, consisting of one clause, or a complex sentence, consisting of two or more clauses. A sentence in writing has a capital letter at the beginning and a full-stop, question mark, or exclamation mark at the end.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">sentence adjunct </span>an adjunct which applies to the whole clause, rather than to part of it; EG We possibly have to wait and see. See also linking adjunct.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'s' form</span> the base form of a verb with 's' on the end, used in the simple present tense.<br />simple tense a tense formed without using an auxil<span style="display: block;" id="formatbar_Buttons"><span class="on down" style="display: block;" id="formatbar_Bold" title="Bold" onmouseover="ButtonHoverOn(this);" onmouseout="ButtonHoverOff(this);" onmouseup="" onmousedown="CheckFormatting(event);FormatbarButton('richeditorframe', this, 3);ButtonMouseDown(this);"><img src="http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif" alt="Bold" class="gl_bold" border="0" /></span></span>iary verb; EG I waited... She sang.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">singular</span> the form used to refer to or talk about one person or thing; EG dog, woman. Compare with plural.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">singular noun</span> a noun typically used in the singular form; EG sun, business, jumble.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">SPLIT INFINITIVE</span> the placing of a word between 'to' and the base form of a verb; EG ...<span style="font-style: italic;">to boldly go where no man has gone before.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">stative verb </span>a verb which describes a state; EG be, live, know. Compare with dynamic verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">STRONG VERB </span>another name for irregular verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">subject</span> the noun group in a clause that refers to the person or thing who does the action expressed by the verb; EG We were going shopping.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">subjunctive</span> a verb form which is used in some languages to express attitudes such as wishing, hoping, and doubting. The subjunctive mood is not very common in English, and is used mainly in conditional douses such as 'If I were you...'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">submodifier </span>an adverb which is used in front of an adjective or another adverb in order to strengthen or weaken its meaning; EG ...very interesting... ...quite quickly.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">subordinate clause </span>a clause which begins with a subordinating conjunction such as 'because' or 'while' and which must be used with a main clause.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">SUBSTITUTION</span> the special use of pronouns and other words to replace part or all of a clause; EG 'Are you going to the party?'—'I hope so'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">SUFFIX</span> a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word in order to make a different word, tense, case, and so on; EG slowly, Heidi's. Compare with affix and prefix.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">superlative</span> an adjective or adverb with '-est' on the end or 'most' in front of it; EG thinnest, quickest, most wisely.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">tag question </span>a statement to which a question tag (an auxiliary verb and a pronoun) has been added; EG She's quiet, <span style="font-style: italic;">isn't she</span>?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">tense</span> the verb form which shows whether you are referring to the past, present, or future.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">future</span> the use of 'will' or 'shall' with the base form of the verb to refer to future events; EG She <span style="font-style: italic;">will come </span>tomorrow.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">future continuous</span> the use of 'will be' or 'shall be' and a present participle to refer to future events; EG She <span style="font-style: italic;">will be going </span>soon.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">future perfect </span>the use of 'will have' or 'shall have' and a past participle to refer to future events; EG I <span style="font-style: italic;">shall have finished</span> tomorrow.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">future perfect continuous</span> the use of 'will' or 'shall' with 'have been' and a present participle to refer to future events; EG I <span style="font-style: italic;">will have been walking</span> for three hours by then.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">past</span> the use of the past form to refer to past events; EG They <span style="font-style: italic;">waited</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">past continuous</span> the use of 'was' or 'were' with a present participle, usually to refer to past events; EG They <span style="font-style: italic;">were worrying</span> about it yesterday.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">past perfect </span>the use of 'had' with a past participle to refer to past events; EG She <span style="font-style: italic;">had finished</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">past perfect continuous </span>the use of 'had been' with a present participle to refer to past events; EG He <span style="font-style: italic;">had been waiting</span> for hours.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">present </span>the use of the base form and the 's' form, usually to refer to present events; EG I like bananas... My sister hates them.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">present continuous</span> the use of the simple present of 'be' with a present participle to refer to present events; EG Things are improving.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">present perfect </span>the use of the simple present of 'have' with a past participle to refer to past events which exist in the present; EG She has loved him for ten years.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">present perfect continuous</span> the use of 'have been' and 'has been' with a present participle to refer to past events which exist in the present; EG We have been sitting here for hours.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'that'-clause</span> a clause starting with 'that' which is used mainly when reporting what someone has said; EG She said that she'd wash up for me. 'That' can be omitted when the clause is used after a reporting verb.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">third person</span> see person.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">time clause </span>a subordinate clause which indicates the time of an event; EG I'll phone you when I get back.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">title</span> a word used before a person's name to show their position or status; EG Mrs, Lord, Queen.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'to'-infinitive </span>the base form of a verb preceded by 'to': EG to go, to have, to jump.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">transitive verb </span>a verb used to talk about an action or event that involves more than one person or thing, and so is followed by an object; EG She's wasting her money.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">uncount noun</span> a noun which refers to a general kind of thing rather than to an individual item, and so has only one form; EG money, furniture, intelligence. Also called uncountable noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">verb</span> a word used with a subject to say what someone or something does, or what happens to them; EG sing, spill, die.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">VERBAL NOUN </span>another name for '-ing' noun.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">verb group </span>a main verb, or a main verb preceded by one or more auxiliaries, which combines with a subject to say what someone does, or what happens to them; EG I'll show them... She's been sick.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">vocative</span> a word used when speaking to someone, just as if it were their name; EG darling, madam.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'WH'-CLAUSE</span> a clause starting with a 'wh'-word.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'whether'-clause </span>a clause used to report a 'yes/no'-question; EG I asked her whether she'd seen him.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'wh'-question </span>a question which expects an answer giving a particular person, place, thing, amount, and so on, rather than just 'yes' or 'no'.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'wh'-word </span>one of a group of words starting with 'wh-', such as 'what', 'when' or 'who', which are used in 'wh'-questions. 'How' is also called a 'wh'-word because it behaves like the other 'wh'-words.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">'yes/no'-question </span>a question which can be answered simply with either 'yes' or 'no'; EG Would you like some more tea?<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-321862463657802783?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-22543906467426260432009-04-23T09:27:00.004+02:002009-04-29T15:18:21.911+02:00Hello Folks,<br /><br />Just a quick note to remind everyone about a few opportunities to practice English /Castellano/Catalan...<br /><br />Friday at 8pm. Intercambio Conversation. € Free<br /><br />MORE INFO: <a href="http://graciaartsproject.com/gracia/homePageNew.php">www.graciaartsproject.com</A><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-2254390646742626043?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-47821690823442235892009-04-22T15:29:00.002+02:002009-04-22T15:33:00.559+02:00On my night-stand: <A href="http://www.librarything.com/work/1350846">Salmon Fishing in the Yemen</A> It's a great book that's written entirely in email, letter and report format. Great for students who are trying to master these writing techniques.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-4782169082344223589?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-44481297363137868592009-04-04T11:43:00.001+02:002009-04-04T11:44:16.123+02:00A funny learn Spanish video for English speakers: <br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/2BJZyYJ-cLY&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/2BJZyYJ-cLY&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-4448129736313786859?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-70235593798360969592009-04-02T22:54:00.000+02:002009-04-02T22:55:30.612+02:00verbiage |ˈvərbē-ij|<br />noun<br />speech or writing that uses too many words or excessively technical expressions.<br />ORIGIN early 18th cent.: from French, from obsolete verbeier ‘to chatter,’ from verbe ‘word’ (see verb ).<br /><br />Thesaurus <br />verbiage<br />noun<br />Professor Chin's verbiage is tiresome verbosity, wordiness, prolixity, long-windedness, loquacity, rigmarole, circumlocution, superfluity, periphrasis.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-7023559379836096959?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-32154509747355101202009-03-26T22:58:00.004+01:002009-04-04T10:35:01.419+02:00Here's a neat little online quiz to sort them out:<br /><br /><A href="http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/254.html">MISS vs LOST</A><br /><br />Generally speaking, I think it would be more common to hear "lost" used as an adjective than "missed" (but that doesn't mean that "missed" isn't also used as an adjective). For now, here are some of the various meanings --- "miss" as a verb and "lost" as an adjective (for the above reason):<br /><br />miss<br /><br />verb tr.<br />1. To fail to hit, reach, catch, meet, or otherwise make contact with.<br />2. To fail to perceive, understand, or experience: completely missed the point of the film.<br />3. To fail to accomplish, achieve, or attain (a goal).<br />4. To fail to attend or perform: never missed a day of work.<br />5.<br />- a. To leave out; omit.<br />- b. To let go by; let slip: miss a chance.<br />6. To escape or avoid: narrowly missed crashing into the tree.<br />7. To feel the lack or loss of: Do you miss your family?<br /><br />v.intr.<br />1. To fail to hit or otherwise make contact with something: fired the final shot and missed again.<br />2.<br />- a. To be unsuccessful; fail.<br />- b. To misfire, as an internal-combustion engine.<br /><br />The word lost also has a number of usages:<br />adjective<br /><br />1. Unable to find one's way: a lost child.<br />2.<br />- a. No longer in the possession, care, or control of someone or something: a lost pen.<br />- b. No longer in existence; vanished or spent: lost youth.<br />- c. No longer known or practiced: a lost art.<br />- d. Beyond reach, communication, or influence: The expedition was lost to the world for two months.<br />3. Not used to one's benefit or advantage: a lost opportunity.<br />4. Having not been or unlikely to be won; unsuccessful: a lost battle; a lost cause.<br />5. Beyond recovery or redemption; fallen or destroyed: a lost soul.<br />6.<br />- a. Completely involved or absorbed; rapt: lost in thought.<br />- b. Bewildered or confused: I'm lost—can you start over?<br /><br /><br />I think you could say both "a lost opportunity" as well as "a missed opportunity" and the meanings would be basically the same. Unfortunately missed and lost are often not interchangeable at all.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-3215450974735510120?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-34703177409478233012009-03-21T20:12:00.004+01:002009-03-21T20:53:00.156+01:00Just a little note on prepositional verbs. I've noticed lately a lot of Spaniards saying "Listen me" when what you mean is: "Listen TO me".<br /><br />There are plenty of others like this, for example;<br /><ul><li>want to </li><li>have to<br /></li><li>like to</li></ul>You should keep a note of these in your vocab journal as you find them.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-3470317740947823301?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-86998965655941487952009-03-20T12:27:00.001+01:002009-04-05T21:16:09.914+02:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ZoDQ2sUVyXY/ScN-e91A4WI/AAAAAAAAABY/ZixxITumZUI/s1600-h/IMG_2435.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ZoDQ2sUVyXY/ScN-e91A4WI/AAAAAAAAABY/ZixxITumZUI/s320/IMG_2435.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315231055685411170" border="0" /></a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-8699896565594148795?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-42162301383827761962009-03-20T10:44:00.003+01:002009-03-20T10:48:35.674+01:00SO my students had some questions about this in class last night, so I thought to add a link... Check out this great explanation for<br /><a href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/eslprep2.html" TARGET=_blank>IN, AT &amp; ON:</a> (Opens in a new window)<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-4216230138382776196?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-26878536047353563632009-03-14T14:27:00.002+01:002009-04-02T23:10:33.808+02:00This month's word is: Auto-didactic. It means self taught. I taught myself this word today.<br /><br />autodidact |ˌôtōˈdīˌdakt|<br />noun<br />a self-taught person.<br />DERIVATIVES<br />autodidactic |-ˌdīˈdaktik| adjective<br />ORIGIN mid 18th cent.: from Greek autodidaktos ‘self-taught,’ from autos ‘self’ + didaskein ‘teach.’<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-2687853604735356363?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-50994210071479118612009-03-12T15:39:00.000+01:002009-03-14T16:16:20.278+01:00<object height="364" width="445"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/mjlpQqbW8uo&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x5d1719&amp;color2=0xcd311b&amp;border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/mjlpQqbW8uo&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x5d1719&amp;color2=0xcd311b&amp;border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="364" width="445"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-5099421007147911861?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-81428834082893444672009-03-11T09:12:00.000+01:002009-03-14T16:15:26.896+01:00GENERAL<br /><ol><li>If you don't know why you chose that answer, you're probably wrong.</li><li>Read the Tip Strip and use these tips for all exercises that you do of this type.</li></ol>KEYWORDS<br /><ol><li>Read the text carefully - don't worry if you don't understand every word.</li><li>Underline KEYWORDS in the Question then find the part of the text where the Answer is and underline to words there.</li><li>You need to look for the MEANING. The words in the Question and Answer won't be the same, you'll need to find the SYNONYMS; similar words or phrases / expressions with similar meanings.</li><li>Underline the reason for your answers - you should put the number of the Question beside the words which you underlined.</li></ol>DECIDE WHAT IS MISSING<br /><ol><li>Try to answer the Question (or complete the sentence) before you look at the options.</li><li>What type of word is missing? What part of grammar? Adjective, noun, number, etc.</li><li>Is it a verb tense? Is there an article, auxiliary verb or participle missing?</li><li>Conjunctions: and, or, but, if, though, etc.</li><li>Relative pronouns: that, which, who, where, when, etc.</li><li>Prepositions of place: under, over, up, down, on, in, etc.</li><li>Phrasal verbs: the verb part or the prepositional part?</li><li>Prepositional verbs: listen to, want to, love to, have to, and so on....</li><li>Pronouns: this, that, these, those, what can all be considered pronouns or determiners (such, also) "a" , "the".</li><li>Comparatives: (not) as big as, as tall as, smaller than, </li><li>Linkers!<br /></li><li>The answer must fit grammatically. SEE NOTETAKING TIPS.</li></ol>TOPIC and LANGUAGE LINKS<br /><ol><li>Topic and Language links come before and after each sentence.</li><li>eg a pronoun must take the place of a noun that was mentioned before, or rather it links back.</li><li>If "the" is used, it normally links back to some specific word, eg: "I bought A car. THE car is red." Definite article links back to indefinite article.</li><li>Firstly, secondly, finally, etc are all words that indicate sequence.<br /></li><li>Then, so, because of this, all indicate sequence.</li><li>However, Despite, In spite of, But all indicate CONTRAST and SEQUENCE.</li><li>Look for the linking words.<br /></li></ol><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-8142883408289344467?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-6006428798922418102009-03-06T16:48:00.000+01:002009-03-06T11:48:25.954+01:00Have 5 sections in your vocab notebook for the following:<br /><br />1. Prepositional verbs<br /><ul><li>want to</li><li>listen to</li><li>love to</li><li>have to</li></ul>2. Phrasal Verbs<br /><ul><li>get up</li><li>get off</li><li>get on</li><li>get out</li></ul>3. Set Phrases &amp; Idioms<br />An English idiom is a phrase that doesn't "add up to" the sum of its parts. As in She can't work amicably with family members, "much less" strangers. [Both "add up to" and "much less" are idioms. Would you like to learn more about idioms?]<br /><br />4. New Vocabulary. You should note:<br /><ul><li>the translation into your own language</li><li>the part of speech, ie: noun, verb</li><li>the word-family, or different formations as you find them, for example: to excite (v), excitement (n), exciting (adj), excitedly (adv)</li><li>a sample sentence in English<br /></li></ul>5. Miscellaneous<br />Use this section for things that don't belong elsewhere.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-600642879892241810?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-14727998939811456012009-03-05T16:42:00.001+01:002009-03-14T16:13:29.438+01:00<object height="364" width="445"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/GT86iWiH2mI&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x234900&amp;color2=0x4e9e00&amp;border=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/GT86iWiH2mI&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x234900&amp;color2=0x4e9e00&amp;border=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="364" width="445"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-1472799893981145601?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-84321243586669632882009-03-04T11:41:00.002+01:002009-03-06T08:53:17.273+01:00<span class="subhead">Make Predictions<br /> </span><span class="body">Predictions encourage active reading and keep students interested, whether or not the predictions are correct. Incorrect predictions can signal a misunderstanding that needs to be revisited. You should:</span> <ul><li><span class="body">Look at the pictures, table of contents, chapter headings, maps, diagrams, and features. What subjects are in the book?</span> </li><li><span class="body">Write down predictions about the text. During reading, look for words or phrases from those predictions.</span> </li><li><span class="body">While reading, revise the predictions or make new ones. </span> </li></ul> <p><a name="visualize"></a><span class="subhead">Visualize<br /> </span><span class="body">Many students think visually, using shapes, spatial relationships, movement, and colors, and can benefit greatly from this strategy. </span><span class="body">You should</span><span class="body">:</span></p> <ul><li><span class="body">Imagine a fiction story taking place as if it were a movie. Imagine the characters' features. Picture the plot in time and space.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Imagine processes and explanations happening visually. Use nouns, verbs, and adjectives to create pictures, diagrams, or other mental images.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Use graphic organizers to lay out information. Make sketches or diagrams on scrap paper. </span> </li></ul> <p><a name="askandanswer"></a><span class="subhead">Ask and Answer Questions<br /> </span><span class="body">Having students form their own questions helps them recognize confusion and encourages active learning. </span><span class="body">You should</span><span class="body">:</span></p> <ul><li><span class="body">Before reading, think about the subject based on the title, chapter heads, and visual information. Make note of anything you are curious about.</span> </li><li><span class="body">While reading, pause and write down any questions. Be sure to ask questions if there is confusion.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Look for the answers while reading. Pause and write down the answers.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Were all the questions answered? Could the answers come from other sources? </span> </li></ul> <p><a name="retell"></a><span class="subhead">Retell and Summarize<br /> </span><span class="body">Relating the text in students' own words clears up language issues. Retelling challenges them to aim for complete retention. Summarizing allows students to discriminate between main ideas and minor details. </span><span class="body">You should</span><span class="body">:</span></p> <ul><li><span class="body">During reading, note the main ideas or events. Put a check mark in the book or write a note to point out a main idea.</span> </li><li><span class="body">At the ends of chapters or sections, review the information or story. Note main ideas or events and the details that support them.</span> </li><li><span class="body">After reading, retell or summarize the text. Focus on the important points, and support them with relevant details.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Refer to the book to check the retelling or summarizing. </span> </li></ul> <p><a name="connect"></a><span class="subhead">Connect the Text to Life Experiences, Other Texts, or Prior Knowledge<br /> </span><span class="body">Connecting a text to students' experiences and knowledge helps students personalize the information. It also helps students remember information when they link it to their lives. </span><span class="body">You should</span><span class="body">:</span></p> <ul><li><span class="body">Is the subject familiar? Do the characters resemble familiar people? Have you learned about the concept from school, home, or other experiences?</span> </li><li><span class="body">Is the style or genre familiar? Does it resemble other texts? Television shows, movies, and games can be considered "texts."</span> </li><li><span class="body">Write down similarities between the current text and experiences, knowledge, or other texts.</span> </li></ul> <p><a name="wordattack"></a><span class="subhead">Word-Attack Strategies<br /> </span><span class="body">Word-attack strategies help students decode, pronounce, and understand unfamiliar words. They help students attack words piece by piece or from a different angle. </span><span class="body">You should</span><span class="body">:</span></p> <blockquote> <p><span class="subhead">Use Picture Clues</span></p> </blockquote> <ul><li><span class="body">Look at the picture.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Are there people, objects, or actions in the picture that might make sense in the sentence?</span> </li></ul> <blockquote> <p><span class="subhead">Sound Out the Word</span></p> </blockquote> <ul><li><span class="body">Start with the first letter, and say each letter-sound out loud.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Blend the sounds together and try to say the word. Does the word make sense in the sentence?</span> </li></ul> <blockquote> <p><span class="subhead">Look for Chunks in the Word</span></p> </blockquote> <ul><li><span class="body">Look for familiar letter chunks. They may be sound/symbols, prefixes, suffixes, endings, whole words, or base words.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Read each chunk by itself. Then blend the chunks together and sound out the word. Does that word make sense in the sentence?</span> </li></ul> <blockquote> <p><span class="subhead">Connect to a Word You Know</span></p> </blockquote> <ul><li><span class="body">Think of a word that looks like the unfamiliar word.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Compare the familiar word to the unfamiliar word. Decide if the familiar word is a chunk or form of the unfamiliar word.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Use the known word in the sentence to see if it makes sense. If so, the meanings of the two words are close enough for understanding.</span> </li></ul> <blockquote> <p><span class="subhead">Reread the Sentence</span></p> </blockquote> <ul><li><span class="body">Read the sentence more than once.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Think about what word might make sense in the sentence. Try the word and see if the sentence makes sense.</span> </li></ul> <blockquote> <p><span class="subhead">Keep Reading</span></p> </blockquote> <ul><li><span class="body">Read past the unfamiliar word and look for clues.</span> </li><li><span class="body">If the word is repeated, compare the second sentence to the first. What word might make sense in both?</span> </li></ul> <blockquote> <p><span class="subhead">Use Prior Knowledge</span></p> </blockquote> <ul><li><span class="body">Think about what you know about the subject of the book, paragraph, or sentence.</span> </li><li><span class="body">Do you know anything that might make sense in the sentence? Read the sentence with the word to see if it makes sense.</span></li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-8432124358666963288?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-72443833539830378372009-03-02T11:16:00.000+01:002009-03-14T16:14:02.433+01:00<span style="font-size:100%;">Read through the Questions and underline the KEYWORDS. Try to think of the SYNONYMS for these words, or some phrases &amp; expressions with a similar meaning. Listen for these.<br /><br />Most Questions will be about people's ideas, feeling, attitudes and opinions.<br /><br />Note down the Speakers MAIN IDEA, then mark the option closest to that idea.<br /><br />On the second listening, check your answers (you my need to change some of them).</span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-7244383353983037837?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-71020827184732301212009-03-01T12:59:00.000+01:002009-03-01T13:00:08.599+01:00<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-7102082718473230121?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-84046331768536291352009-03-01T12:04:00.000+01:002009-03-02T12:38:38.424+01:00<span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;font-size:100%;" >GIVING OPINIONS<br />I think<br />I feel<br />I believe<br />I suppose<br />I reckon<br />I imagine<br />In my opinion<br />I get the impression<br />It seems to be that<br />She may have chosen that because<br /><br />ASKING FOR OPINIONS<br />...don't you think? (and other QUESTION TAGS)<br />Would you agree with that?<br />What do you think of...?<br />Do you agree that...?<br /><br />AGREEING<br />I agree with you because...<br /><br />DISAGREEING<br />I am not sure I agree with that.<br />I disagree with that point.<br />I don't think that's correct/true/right.<br /><br />REQUESTING CLARIFICATION<br />Did you mean to say...?<br /><br />EXTENDING<br />Does anyone have another idea?<br />I would like to add...<br /><br />CONTRASTING &amp; COMPARING<br />These things are similar because...<br />To do either of these things...<br />Neither of these people...<br />The most obvious difference between these things is that...whereas...<br />I imagine that .......... might not be quite as essential as .........<br /><br /><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-8404633176853629135?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-25296176466962002402009-03-01T11:48:00.000+01:002009-03-02T09:47:31.277+01:00<h1 style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Using Adverb Clauses with Time Expressions </span></h1> <p style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> These type of clauses are often called "time clauses" in English grammar books and follow specific patterns. Take a look at the chart below to study the various usage of different time expressions. </span></p> <p style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Punctuation</b></span> </p> <p style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. <b>Example:</b> <i>As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.</i>. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. <b>Example:</b> <i>He gave me a call when he arrived in town.</i></span> </p> <p style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> For more information about how to use these words click on the link for an explanation of the usage. </span></p> <p style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Adverb Clauses with Time</b></span> </p> <table border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>When</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">He was talking on the phone when I arrived.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">When she called, he had already eaten lunch.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present - the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Before</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">We will finish before he arrives.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">She (had) left before I telephoned.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes either the simple past OR the present.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>After</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">We will finish after he comes.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">She ate after I (had) left.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>While, as</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an action in progess.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>By the time</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Until, till</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">We waited until he finished his homework.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">I'll wait till you finish.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Since</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">I have played tennis since I was a young boy.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>As soon as</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">He will let us know as soon as he decides (<i>or</i> as soon as he has decided).</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterwards'. 'As soon as' is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Whenever, every time</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">We take a hike every time he visits.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time</b></span> </td> <td> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.</span> </li><li> <span style="font-size:100%;">The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.</span> </li></ul> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;">The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened.</span> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><script>zSB(3,3)</script><h5 style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></h5><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-2529617646696200240?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-32045270058150357632009-03-01T11:43:00.001+01:002009-03-04T12:22:42.824+01:00<span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Time Conjunctions (while, as, when, as soon as, until, before, after, by the time, once) go with the TIME CLAUSE.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">They can be put either at the beginning of the sentence, or in between the two clauses (except for UNTIL, which always goes between).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The verb in the MAIN CLAUSE is in the FUTURE, whereas the verb in the TIME CLAUSE is in the present.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">There is a comma after the TIME CLAUSE if it is put first. EG:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">As soon as you come to my office, I will tell you the truth.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">I will tell you the truth as soon as you come to my office.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.google.es/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinternal.com.ua%2Fgrammar%2FResources%2FPC%2FPresentation%25203.pps&amp;ei=SrWrSY2aJ9nHjAfQ_IjXDw&amp;usg=AFQjCNHNVHaNoU-MfBm84YGzkG4eXVmRaA&amp;sig2=eW8EGDRQ3f9-JZX8_TPCqA">DOWNLOAD THIS GREAT POWERPOINT EXPLANATION</a><br /></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-3204527005815035763?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-91134494843045039672009-02-28T17:05:00.002+01:002009-03-04T11:46:20.390+01:00Sample Essay Questions<br />Common strategy terms for Essay writing are as follows:<br /><br />Analyze: Divide an event, idea, or theory into its component elements, and examine each one in turn: Analyze Milton Friedman's theory of permanent income.<br /><br />Compare and/or Contrast: Demonstrate similarities or dissimilarities between two or more events or topics: Compare the portrayal of women in Beloved with that in Their Eyes Were Watching God.<br /><br />Define: Identify and state the essential traits or characteristics of something, differentiating it clearly from other things: Define Hegelian dialectic.<br /><br />Describe: Tell about an event, person, or process in detail, creating a clear and vivid image of it: Describe the dress of a knight.<br /><br />Evaluate: Assess the value or significance of the topic: Evaluate the contribution of black musicians to the development of an American musical tradition.<br /><br />Explain: Make a topic as clear and understandable as possible by offering reasons, examples, and so on: Explain the functioning of the circulatory system.<br /><br />Summarize: State the major points concisely and comprehensively: Summarize the major arguments against using animals in laboratory research.<br />Following are some sample essay questions:<br /><br />Education comes not from books but from practical experience.<br />Write a unified essay in which you perform the following tasks. Explain what you think the above statement means. Describe a specific situation in which books might educate students better than practical experience. Discuss what you think determines when practical experience provides a better education than books do.<br /><br /><br />Scientific inquiry is rooted in the desire to discover, but there is no discovery so important that in its pursuit a threat to human life can be tolerated.<br />Write a unified essay in which you perform the following tasks. Explain what you think the above statements means. Describe a specific situation in which a threat to human life might be tolerated in the pursuit of scientific discovery. Discuss what you think determines when the pursuit of scientific discovery is more important than the protection of human life.<br /><br /><br />Politicians too often base their decisions on what will please the voters, not on what is best for the country.<br />Write a unified essay in which you perform the following tasks. Explain what you think the above statement means. Describe a specific situation in which a politician might make an unpopular decision for the good of the country. Discuss the principles you think should determine whether political decisions should be made to please the voters or to serve the nation<br /><br /><br />An understanding of the past is necessary for solving the problems of the present.<br />Write a unified essay in which you perform the following tasks. Explain what you think the above statement means. Describe a specific situation in which solving a current problem might not require an understanding of the past. Discuss what you think determines whether or not the past should be considered in solving the problems of the present.<br /><br /><br />Wealthy politicians cannot offer fair representation to all the people.<br />Write a unified essay in which you perform the following tasks. Explain what you think the above statement means. Describe a specific situation in which a wealthy politician might offer fair representation to all people. Discuss what you think determines whether a wealthy politician can or cannot offer fair representation to all the people.<br /><br /><br />In a free society, laws must be subject to change.<br />Write a unified essay in which you perform the following tasks. Explain what you think the above statement means. Describe a specific situation in which a law should not be subject to change in a free society. Discuss what you think determines whether or not a law in a free society should be subject to change.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-9113449484304503967?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-438056914466071622009-02-28T16:59:00.001+01:002009-03-04T11:47:08.900+01:00<span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Giving examples</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">For example
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">For instance
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Namely</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The most common way of giving examples is by using <span style="font-style: italic;">for</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">example</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">for instance</span>.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Namely</span> refers to something by name.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Adding information</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
And
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In addition
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">As well as
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Also
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Too
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Furthermore</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Moreover</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Apart from
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In addition to</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Besides</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Ideas are often linked by <span style="font-style: italic;">and</span>. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before <span style="font-style: italic;">and</span>.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“We discussed training, education and the budget.”<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. “We also spoke about marketing.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">You can use also with not only to give emphasis.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">We don’t usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this…<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“We are interested in costs as well as the competition.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“They were concerned too.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“I, too, was concerned.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Summarising</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
In short</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
In brief
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In summary
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">To summarise</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
In a nutshell
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">To conclude
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In conclusion</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Sequencing ideas</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
The former, … the latter
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Firstly, secondly, finally
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The first point is</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Lastly
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The following</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points.
”Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">It’s rare to use “fourthly”, or “fifthly”. Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point and so on.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The following is a good way of starting a list.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Giving a reason</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Due to / due to the fact that
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Owing to / owing to the fact that
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Because
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Because of
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Since
As</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil all its orders.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Because / because of</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Because of is followed by a noun.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, “Because it was raining, the match was postponed.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Since / as</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Since and as mean because.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Giving a result</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Therefore</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
So
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Consequently
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">This means that</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
As a result</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">So is more informal.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Contrasting ideas</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
But</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
However
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Although / even though</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Despite / despite the fact that</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
In spite of / in spite of the fact that</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
Nevertheless
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Nonetheless
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">While
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Whereas
</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Unlike</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">
In theory… in practice…</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“He works hard, but he doesn’t earn much.”
”He works hard. However, he doesn’t earn much.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.”
”In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless.” (In spite of the fact that it was cold.)
”The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren’t going to expand this year.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol.”</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result.</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">“In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don’t have enough time.”</span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-43805691446607162?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-24285901313260467922009-02-14T15:27:00.005+01:002009-03-14T16:09:34.501+01:00<span style="font-weight: bold;">Zero Conditional </span><span>(will definitely happen)</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><span><br />If + Present Simple + Present Simple.</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;">If you don't drink water for 6 days, you die.</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />First Conditional </span>(is possible)<span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span><br />If + Present Simple + modal verb (will,can,could,may) = is used for REAL POSSIBILITIES<br /><br />When + Present Simple = FUTURE EVENTS which are CERTAIN<br /><br />If/Unless + Present Simple (without modal) = FUTURE EVENTS which are UNCERTAIN<br /><br />As soon as = happens immediately<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">If you read English outside class, you'll improve more quickly.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Second Conditional</span> (is possible on condition)<br /><br />If + Past Simple + would<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">If I could live anywhere, I would live in Australia.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Third Conditional</span> (is not possible)<br /><br />If + Past Perfect + would have + past participle<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">If I had've studied art, I would've been an art teacher.<br /><br /></span><span>*~*~*~*~<br /><br />OK, now you have learnt about conditionals, what kind of sentences are these?</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><br />If this weather keeps up, we'll get more of it.<br /><br />I would've if I could've but I couldn't so I didn't.<br /><br />If you don't eat, you don't shit, and if you don't shit, you die.<br /><br /></span><span>These are typical </span><span>Australian </span><span>expressions that my grandfather used to say when I was a child. Now, there's a little slice of my culture for you!</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-2428590131326046792?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-58000138182242553252009-02-14T14:29:00.002+01:002009-04-02T23:12:22.681+02:00jingoism |ˈji ng gōˌizəm|<br />noun chiefly derogatory<br />extreme patriotism, esp. in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.<br />a strong belief that your own country is better than others - used to show disapproval:<br />a mood of warlike jingoism.<br />DERIVATIVES<br />jingoist noun<br />jingoistic |ˌji ng gōˈistik| adjective<br /><br />Thesaurus <br />jingoism<br />noun<br />a newspaper known for its jingoism extreme patriotism, chauvinism, extreme nationalism, xenophobia, flag-waving; hawkishness, militarism, belligerence, bellicosity.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-5800013818224255325?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3756286634955525753.post-15987779138748935132009-02-13T14:31:00.000+01:002009-03-14T15:36:10.156+01:00This is the place where I will publish the best essays, reports and reviews created by my students in 2009. You will be able to access your hard work in order to show it to your friends, family or other teachers and classmates. I look forward to your contributions!<br /><br />I also will upload useful bits and pieces for my students and fellow teachers to access, as well as links to other websites that I have found useful.<br /><br />Adios,<br />Señorita Cariño<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3756286634955525753-1598777913874893513?l=senioritacarinyo.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Señorita Cariñohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09982833163224899439noreply@blogger.com0